Abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is an abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug with an enzyme-reactive functional group, wherein the drug has an abuse potential, and an enzyme capable of reacting with the enzyme-reactive functional group (a drug-processing enzyme), wherein the drug with the enzyme-reactive functional group is contained in the pharmaceutical composition in a storage stable, enzyme-reactive state and under conditions wherein no enzymatic activity acts on the drug.

The present application relates to abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical compositions.

Many pharmaceutical active ingredients, in addition to having excellent activity in their appropriate application, also have potential for abuse, i.e. they can be used by an abuser to bring about effects other than the medical ones intended. For example, prescription opioid products are an important component of modern pain management. However, abuse and misuse of these products have created a serious and growing public health problem. One potentially important step towards the goal of creating safer opioid analgesics has been the development of opioids that are formulated to deter abuse. The development of these products is considered e.g. by the US FDA as a high public health priority (see “Abuse-Deterrent Opioids—Evaluation and Labeling”; Guidance for Industry FDA April 2015, FDA; “FDA Guidance”).

Because opioid products are often manipulated for purposes of abuse by different routes of administration or to defeat extended-release (ER) properties, most abuse-deterrent technologies developed to date are intended to make manipulation more difficult or to make abuse of the manipulated product less attractive or less rewarding. It should be noted that these technologies have not yet proven successful at deterring the most common form of abuse—swallowing a number of intact capsules or tablets to achieve a feeling of euphoria. Moreover, the fact that a product has abuse-deterrent properties does not mean that there is no risk of abuse. It means, rather, that the risk of abuse is lower than it would be without such properties. Because opioid products must in the end be able to deliver the opioid to the patient, there may always be some abuse of these products.

In the FDA Guidance, abuse-deterrent properties are defined as those properties shown to meaningfully deter abuse, even if they do not fully prevent abuse. The term abuse is defined as the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug product or substance, even once, to achieve a desirable psychological or physiological effect. Abuse is not the same as misuse, which refers to the intentional therapeutic use of a drug product in an inappropriate way and specifically excludes the definition of abuse. The FDA Guidance uses the term “abuse-deterrent” rather than “tamper-resistant” because the latter term refers to, or is used in connection with, packaging requirements applicable to certain classes of drugs, devices, and cosmetics.

The science of abuse deterrence is relatively new, and both the formulation technologies and the analytical, clinical, and statistical methods for evaluating those technologies are rapidly evolving. The FDA Guidance identifies seven categories of abuse-deterrent formulations:

1. Physical/chemical barriers—Physical barriers can prevent chewing, crushing, cutting, grating, or grinding of the dosage form. Chemical barriers, such as gelling agents, can resist extraction of the opioid using common solvents like water, simulated biological media, alcohol, or other organic solvents. Physical and chemical barriers can limit drug release following mechanical manipulation, or change the physical form of a drug, rendering it less amenable to abuse.

2. Agonist/antagonist combinations—An opioid antagonist can be added to interfere with, reduce, or defeat the euphoria associated with abuse. The antagonist can be sequestered and released only upon manipulation of the product. For example, a drug product can be formulated such that the substance that acts as an antagonist is not clinically active when the product is swallowed (i.e. administered in the intended way and intact), but becomes active if the product is crushed and injected or snorted.

3. Aversion—Substances can be added to the product to produce an unpleasant effect if the dosage form is manipulated or is used at a higher dosage than directed. For example, the formulation can include a substance irritating to the nasal mucosa if ground and snorted.

4. Delivery System (including use of depot injectable formulations and implants)—Certain drug release designs or the method of drug delivery can offer resistance to abuse. For example, sustained-release depot injectable formulation or a subcutaneous implant may be difficult to manipulate.

5. New molecular entities and prodrugs—The properties of a new molecular entity (NME) or prodrug could include the need for enzymatic activation, different receptor binding profiles, slower penetration into the central nervous system, or other novel effects. Prodrugs with abuse-deterrent properties could provide a chemical barrier to the in vitro conversion to the parent opioid, which may deter the abuse of the parent opioid. New molecular entities and prodrugs are subject to evaluation of abuse potential for purposes of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA).

6. Combination—Two or more of the above methods could be combined to deter abuse.

7. Novel approaches—This category encompasses novel approaches or technologies that are not captured in the previous categories.

Although there are already a number of proposals available based on the categories 1 to 5, above, there is still an unmet need to provide efficient combinations of these methods and approaches and, especially, to provide novel approaches.

The article of Rodriguez-Delgado et al. (Trends Anal. Chem. 74 (2015): p. 21-45) discloses laccase-based biosensors for the detection of phenolic compounds in food industry and for environmental and medical applications, i.a. a Clark oxygen electrode with immobilized laccase (Bauer et al., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 364 (1999); 179-183).

WO 98/18909 A1 discloses a transgenic organism transformed with an enzyme that is capable of transferring reducing equivalents between pyridine nucleotide cofactors.

EP 0 032 286 A2, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,852,157 A and 4,391,904 A disclose methods for analysis for a member of an immunological pair using a test surface, i.a. a morphine:horseradish peroxidase conjugate and a carboxymethyl-morphine:glyoxate reductase, to detect antibodies in a sample.

WO 2012/122422 A2 and US 2011/262359 A1 disclose active agent prodrugs with heterocyclic linkers which may be cleaved enzymatically by a gastrointestinal enzyme once the prodrug has entered the gastrointestinal tract after oral ingestion. For providing the drug from the prodrug, the action of the enzyme is needed to cleave the prodrug to controllably release the drug. The provision of such prodrugs is also used to deter abuse of the actual drug.

US 2014/330021 A1 discloses aryl carboxylic acids chemically conjugated to hydromorphone as a strategy to deter abuse.

US 2005/176644 A1 and US 2012/178773 A1 disclose oxycodone derivates with a chemical moiety coupled to oxycodone to deter abuse or to substantially decrease the pharmacological activity of oxycodone.

AU 2012/201 450 A1 and WO 2006/058249 A2 refer to abuse deterrent oral dosage formulations comprising a gel forming polymer, a nasal mucosal irritating surfactant and a flushing agent together with the drug with abuse potential.

All these documents relate to common and known strategies to deter abuse of these drugs with abuse potential, such as oxycodone.

The prior art on unrelated fields discloses various compositions wherein enzymes are combined with agents or compositions for various uses:

WO 00/27204 A1 relates to an antimicrobial composition comprising an oxidoreductase and an enhancing agent of the N-hydroxyaniline-type. The compositions according to WO 00/27204 A1 are intended as detergent or cleaning compositions but also for the use as disinfectants or for the preservation of paints, food, beverages, etc.

WO 01/98518 A2 relates to methods for transforming biologically active ingredients, such as antibiotics, by laccases and manganese peroxidase enzymes. According to WO 01/98518 A2, known active ingredients should be transformed by laccases/manganese peroxidases to introduce additional functional groups to arrive at new active substances with modified properties (e.g. to overcome resistances against certain antibiotics).

EP 0 919 628 A1 discloses a method for “macromolecularizing” phenolic compounds or aromatic amine compounds by the action of enzymes with a polyphenol oxidizing activity such as laccase. EP 0 919 628 A1 therefore also discloses an enzymatic method to transform certain substances, including antimicrobial agents or viral infection inhibitors, to substances with higher molecular weight which may then be used as thickeners, stabilizers but also antimicrobial agents or viral infection inhibitors. It is also suggested to treat waste water for eliminating the phenolic compounds or aromatic amine compounds by macromolecularization. EP 0 919 628 A1 suggest laccase, catechol oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase or bilirubin oxidase as enzymes which can be (industrially) used for the method disclosed.

WO 97/41215 A1 relates to industrial enzymes technology and the problem concerning storage/delivery of such enzymes. These enzymes are either delivered in dry form (where dust formation is reported to be a disadvantage) or liquid formulations (which have two disadvantages: that enzymes are not storage stable and present in their active state i.e. reacting with a substrate). In preventing this premature action with a substrate, WO 97/41215 A1 suggests to provide the enzyme and the substrate in a substantially water free liquid composition which would react in aqueous conditions but not react in the water free liquid composition.

DE 10 2006 048 833 A1 discloses a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of osteoporosis which comprises, in addition to collagen and a calcium-containing substance (as main active substance), a crosslinking agent which comprises crosslinking agents (for example polyhydroxyaromatics) and a catalyst of the crosslinking reaction (for example, an enzyme such as laccase) which is capable of crosslinking the crosslinking agents. The aim of DE 10 2006 048 833 A1 is to establish a three-dimensional matrix for bone support (“liquid bone”).

WO 97/27841 A1 relates to stabilized enzyme formulations which can be stored and easily made available by means of a two-component dispensing system (“dispenser”). This document therefore relates generally to the provision of enzymes such as (for example) oxidoreductases or proteases, for example in cleaning fluids, shampoos or vitamin preparations.

WO 2005/063037 relates to chewing gums which may contain enzymes. The enzymes are incorporated into the chewing gum due to their catalyzing effect on degradation. Virtually all possible enzymes are listed in this document without annotation (“pairing”) with other substances. The chewing gum of WO 2005/063037 may further contain a pharmaceutically, cosmetically or biologically active substance, selected from a huge list of substances without any correlation to the enzyme.

Also WO 2007/143989 A1 is drawn to a chewing gum which comprises a biodegradable polymer and (i.a.) an enzyme which is comprised in the chewing gum as a hydrophobic enzyme formulation. Again, the enzyme is provided for degrading the (biodegradable polymer in the) chewing gum. Provision of the enzyme in a hydrophobic enzyme formulation is therefore made for preventing a premature degradation.

WO 2012/003367 A2 relates to a drug delivery method, wherein a nonwoven web with a plurality of filaments contains an active agent wherein the release of the active agent from the filament may be triggered by an enzyme. This nonwoven filament is not suitable for oral ingestion.

WO 00/02464 A1 refers to a process for the treatment of tobacco, by using a phenoloxidizing enzyme in order to oxidize phenolic compounds in tobacco.

It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a new approach and technology for abuse-deterrent drug formulations.

Therefore, the present invention provides an abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug with an enzyme-reactive functional group, wherein the drug has an abuse potential, and an enzyme capable of reacting with the enzyme-reactive functional group (hereinafter referred to as the “drug-processing enzyme”), wherein the drug with the enzyme-reactive functional group is contained in the pharmaceutical composition in a storage stable, enzyme-reactive state and under conditions wherein no enzymatic activity acts on the drug.

The present invention provides a new category of abuse-deterrent strategy (a “novel approach”) which offers a practical toolbox for virtually all pharmaceutical compositions where a risk for abuse is present or has to be assumed. Such a principle has not yet been proposed or suggested in the prior art.

Accordingly, no prior art composition (e.g. those referred to above) has proposed or suggested a composition comprising a drug with abuse potential and an enzyme, wherein the drug with an abuse potential is contained in the pharmaceutical composition together with an enzyme capable of reacting with the enzyme-reactive functional group of the drug with abuse potential in a storage stable, enzyme-reactive state and under conditions wherein no enzymatic activity acts on the drug.

The abuse-deterrent principle is—for each and every drug—the same: the drug with the abuse risk is combined together with one or more enzymes (optionally also with necessary cofactors/cosubstrates/mediators) in the pharmaceutical preparation in a storage stable (usually dry) state wherein the enzyme is activatable (i.e. providing the enzyme in an enzyme-reactive state); but wherein the enzyme in the pharmaceutical preparation is contained under conditions not allowing enzymatic activity act on drug. Accordingly, there may be e.g. a spatial or reactional separation in the pharmaceutical composition. This principle is therefore also specifically suited for drugs with a high risk of being abused, such as opioids, but also tranquilizers (especially benzodiazepins), stimulants and narcotics.

If the drug is administered as intended—e.g. by ingestion of a tablet—the enzyme is inactivated (in case of orally administered compositions preferably by the acidic environment in the stomach and/or proteolytically active enzymes present in the GI-tract). If the drug is abused by trying to extract the active substance from such pharmaceutical compositions, the enzyme becomes active and acts on the drug so as to process the drug into another compound which is either completely unusable anymore or has—at least—a lower abuse potential and therefore lowers the motivation for abuse (i.e. making the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention abuse-deterrent).

The present invention therefore provides the combination of a drug with an abuse potential (hereinafter referred to as “the drug” or “the target drug”) and a drug-processing enzyme which is activated once the composition according to the present invention is treated by abusive measures which aim at extracting the drug from the present pharmaceutical composition. Whereas the compositions according to the present invention are usually destined for oral administration, extraction of the drug in an abusive manner is usually performed with the aim of providing (intravenously) injectable compositions. Drug-processing enzymes are known in principle; virtually all enzymes which process the specific drug with or without additional cofactors/cosubstrates/mediators are suitable in the composition according to the present invention, if they can be appropriately manufactured and can be provided in the composition with an activity (upon dissolving in aqueous solvents) that is able to process the drug in an appropriate manner. Enzymes are known to catalyse more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Enzymes according to the present invention may require additional components so that they can act on the target drug according to the present invention. For example, the enzymes according to the present invention may need cofactors, cosubstrates and/or mediators. A mediator is usually a substance that transfers electrons but acts as catalyst (or in a similar manner as a catalyst). A cosubstrate participates (stoichiometrically) in the reaction (with the target drug). Cofactors are “helper molecules” that assist the enzyme in the process of reacting in the biochemical transformation with the drug. Accordingly, the present invention applies reactions where an enzyme catalyses oxidation or reduction of mediator compound which oxidizes or reduces the target drug; where an enzyme catalyses binding of co-substrates to the drug; as well as where a second enzyme (or further enzymes) catalyses the transformation of the activated drug.

Preferred drug-processing enzymes are those that are specific for the various functional groups of the drug, i.e. the methoxy-group at C3 (the atom reference exemplified hereinafter is made according to the oxycodone molecule; for other drugs of similar structure (as many opioid target drugs) a person skilled in the art can immediately find the corresponding functional group), the epoxy-group between C4 and C5, the oxo-Group at C6, and the methyl group at the N-atom at position 17. These preferred enzymes therefore include oxidoreductases (especially monooxygenases), transferases (such as acetylases, sulfotransferases and glucuronosyltransferases), and hydrolases, especially epoxide hydrolases. Preferred enzymes are therefore enzymes that catalyse O-demethylation (especially O-demethylation or O-deethylation), N-dealkylation (especially N-demethylation or N-deethylation), keto-reduction, N-oxidation, rearrangement of the ketone to an ester (Baeyer-Villiger reaction; the ketone is transformed by a monooxygenase to an ester (e.g. also a cyclic ketone to a lactone)), epoxy-hydroxylation, esterification, de-amidation, peroxigenation, or dehalogenation of the drug or addition of molecules (such as glucuronidation, sulfation and acetylation) to the drug. O-demethylation primarily results in a transformation of the methoxy-group into a hydroxy-group, which may then further react by addition of further molecules (including di- or polymerization) or further oxidation. Further reaction may also be catalysed by a second enzyme. N-demethylation primarily results in a secondary amine group, which may then further react by addition of further molecules (including di- or polymerization) or further oxidation. Again, further reaction may also be catalysed by a second enzyme. Keto-reduction results in a transformation of the keto-group into a hydroxy-group, which may then further react by addition of further molecules (including di- or polymerization) or further oxidation. Again, further reaction may also be catalysed by a second enzyme. N-oxidation leads to an N-oxide compound, which may either directly lead to an inactivation of the drug or then further react by addition of further molecules (including di- or polymerization). Epoxy-hydroxylation results in dihydrodiols (often: trans-dihydrodiols), which may then further react by addition of further molecules (including di- or polymerization) or further oxidation. Addition of molecules (such as sulfation, glucuronidation and acetylation, but also including di- or polymerization) leads to products that are often insoluble or are deprived of their abusive potential due to accelerated excretion potential). In these reaction synthetic substrates (e.g. in glucoronidation) may be added to enhance inactivation of the drug. Esterification are preformed by esterases (for OH-groups) or trans-esterases (e.g. for pethidine). De-amidation can be performed by amidases (EC 3.5.1.4) for example on fentanyl; peroxygenases (e.g. EC 1.11.2.1) can react in a variety of P450 reactions, dehalogenases (such as EC 3.8.1) can react on halogen containing target drugs, such as cebranopadol.

With such enzymes the target drug is processed to an inactive form or—at least—to agents which are less active than the target drug and therefore are less attractive for those who intend to abuse the pharmaceutical target drug compositions.

Examples of known drug-processing enzymes are NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases, such as the drug reducing enzymes from the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily, especially AKR1C1 (20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.149)), AKR1C2 and AKR1C4. A specifically preferred oxycodone processing enzyme is 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.213). The NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases transform the target drug in the presence of NAD(P)H into its reduced degradation product. Another preferred group of drug-processing enzymes are the keto-steroid reductases, such as the 3-, 6- and 17-ketosteroid reductases.

According to a preferred embodiment, the drug-processing enzyme is a monooxygenase. Monooxygenases have the ability to insert one oxygen atom into various organic substrates. Molecular oxygen needs to be activated in order to carry out this type of reaction and to do so, electrons are transferred from (in)organic cofactors to the molecular oxygen. A wide range of oxidative reactions are catalysed by monooxygenases like hydroxylations from aliphatic and aromatic compounds, epoxidations from alkenes, Baeyer-Villiger oxidations, sulfoxidations, amine oxidations, selenide oxidations, halogenations, phosphite ester oxidations and organoboron oxidations.

Monooxygenases are divided into the following families: Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases or heme-dependent monooxygenases (EC 1.14.13, EC 1.14.14, EC 1.14.15) is the best known and largest family of monooxygenases and mainly present in eukaryotic (mammals, plants, fungi) as well as bacterial genomes and are able to hydroxylate non-activated carbon atoms. Non-heme iron-dependent monooxygenases (EC 1.14.16) catalyse hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions and utilize two iron atoms as cofactor. Enzymes that belong to this family include alkene monooxygenases, phenol hydroxylases, membrane-bound alkane hydroxylases as well as aromatic monooxygenases. Copper-dependent monooxygenases (EC 1.14.17 and EC 1.14.18) represent a rather small family of enzymes, requiring copper ions for hydroxylation of the substrates. Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (EC 1.13.12 and EC 1.14.13) are mostly found in prokaryotic genomes and are known to catalyse epoxidations, Baeyer-Villiger oxidations and halogenations. Additionally, several new types of monooxygenases were discovered that catalyse hydroxylations without being cofactor-dependent (Cofactor-independent monooxygenases) but accept only a restricted range of substrates. On the other hand the uncoupling reaction can be reversed; this mechanism is present in the catalytic cycle of some monooxygenases to use hydrogen peroxide to yield the oxidative enzyme intermediate. A more universal and well established approach involves regeneration of NAD(P)H. Both chemical and enzyme based regeneration is currently used.

Chemical regeneration may use a rhodium-complex catalyst together with formate as substrate which is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Thereby, electrons are transferred NAD(P)⁺ reducing the coenzyme. Likewise, enzymatic regeneration of NAD(P)H is well established and is based on a large variety of NAD(P)⁺-dependent dehydrogenases like formate dehydrogenase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Preferred phenol oxidase enzymes are laccases (EC 1.10.3.2), catecholoxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), monophenol monooxygenases (EC 1.14.18.1), ascorbate oxidases (EC 1.10.3.3); peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (HRP; EC 1.11.1.7).

According to a further preferred embodiment, the drug-processing enzyme is a peroxygenase (EC 1.11.1 und 1.11.2). Fungal unspecific peroxygenases (EC 1.11.2.1) are able to oxyfunctionalise various compounds by transferring peroxide-borne oxygen to diverse substrates. The catalyzed reactions are similar to those that are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and include hydroxylations of aliphatic compounds, epoxidations of linear, branched and cyclic alkenes, dealkylations, oxidations of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds as well as oxidations of organic hetero atoms and inorganic halides.

Phenolic products are a product of aromatic peroxygenations and these phenols can subsequently be subjects of coupling and polymerization reactions via their corresponding phenoxyl radicals due to the peroxidative activity of the enzymes. These enzymes are mostly found in Basidiomycota and Ascomycota (e.g. Agrocybe aegerita, Coprinellus radians, Marasmius rotula) but also Mucoromycotina, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota as well as Oomycota whereas no indication was found that they are present in plants, animals or prokaryotes. The needed hydrogen peroxide can be produced in situ by a variety of oxidases like glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4), cellobiose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.18) or lactate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.2), enzymes that produce H₂O₂ upon oxidizing substrates like glucose, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, lactate and others many of which are present in formulations.

Phenol oxidizing enzymes are preferred enzymes in the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention.

In the context of the present invention the phenol oxidizing enzyme may be an enzyme possessing peroxidase activity or a laccase or a laccase related enzyme. Compounds possessing peroxidase activity may be any peroxidase enzyme comprised by the enzyme classification (EC 1.11.1.7), or any fragment derived therefrom, exhibiting peroxidase activity. Preferably, the peroxidase according to the invention is producible by plants (e. g. horseradish or soybean peroxidase) or micro-organisms such as fungi or bacteria. Some preferred fungi include strains belonging to the subdivision Deuteromycotina, class Hyphomycetes, e. g., Fusarium, Humicola, Tricoderma, Myrothecium, Verticillum, Arthromyces, Caldariomyces, Ulocladium, Embellisia, Cladosporium or Dreschlera, in particular Fusarium oxysporum (DSM 2672), Humicola insolens, Trichoderma resii, Myrothecium verrucaria (IFO 6113), Verticillum alboatrum, Verticillum dahlie, Arthromyces ramosus (FERM P-7754), Caldariomyces fumago, Ulocladium chartarum, Embellisia alli or Dreschlera halodes. Other preferred fungi include strains belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycotina, class Basidiomycetes, e. g., Coprinus, Phanerochaete, Coriolus or Trametes, in particular Coprinus cinereus f. microsporus (IFO 8371), Coprinus macrorhizus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (e. g. NA-12) or Trametes (previously called Polyporus), e. g., T. versicolor (e. g. PR4 28-A). Further preferred fungi include strains belonging to the subdivision Zygomycotina, class Mycoraceae, e. g., Rhizopus or Mucor, in particular Mucor hiemalis. Some preferred bacteria include strains of the order Actinomycetales, e. g. Streptomyces spheroides (ATTC 23965), Streptomyces thermoviolaceus (IFO 12382) or Streptoverticillum verticillium ssp. verticillium. Other preferred bacteria include Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodomonas palustri, Streptococcus lactis, Pseudomonas purrocinia (ATCC 15958), Pseudomonas fluorescens (NRRL B-11) and Bacillus strains, e. g. Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 12905) and Bacillus stearothermophilus. Further preferred bacteria include strains belonging to Myxococcus, e. g., M. virescens. The peroxidase may furthermore be one which is producible by a method comprising cultivating a host cell transformed with a recombinant DNA vector which carries a DNA sequence encoding said peroxidase as well as DNA sequences encoding functions permitting the expression of the DNA sequence encoding the peroxidase, in a culture medium under conditions permitting the expression of the peroxidase and recovering the peroxidase from the culture. Particularly, a recombinantly produced peroxidase is a peroxidase derived from a Coprinus sp., in particular C. macrorhizus or C. cinereus according to WO 92/16634 A. In the context of this invention, compounds possessing peroxidase activity comprise peroxidase enzymes and peroxidase active fragments derived from cytochromes, haemoglobin or peroxidase enzymes.

Peroxidase activity (POXU) can e.g. be determined in the following manner: One peroxidase unit (POXU) is the amount of enzyme which under the following conditions catalyze the conversion of 1 μmole hydrogen peroxide per minute: 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 0.88 mM hydrogen peroxide 1.67 mM 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) 30° C. The reaction is followed for 60 seconds (15 seconds after mixing) by the change in absorbance at 418 nm, which should be in the range 0.15 to 0.30. For calculation of activity is used an absorption coefficient of oxidized ABTS of 36 mM⁻¹ cm⁻¹ an a stoichiometry of one μmole H₂O₂ converted per two mole ABTS oxidized.

Preferred enzymes also include catechol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), bilirubin oxidases (EC 1.3.3.5) monophenol monooxygenases (EC 1.14.18.1), mangane peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13), monophenolmonooxigenases (EC 1.14.99.1), tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1) and ascorbate oxidases (EC 1.10.3.3).

Specifically preferred further enzymes that are used as drug-processing enzymes according to the present invention include the following ones:

O-demethylation (C3): Cytochrome P450 (EC 1.14; +heme+an H-donor, such as NAD(P)H), especially CYP2C subfamily; CYP2D6; unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1; +NAD(P)H), Codeine 3-O-demethylase (CODM; EC 1.14.11.32; +2-oxoglutarate (+O₂)); thebaine 6-O-demethylase (T6ODM; EC 1.14.11.31; +2-oxoglutarate (+O₂)); peroxidases (EC 1.11.1 and EC 1.11.2; +H₂O₂), especially horseradish peroxidase (HRP, EC 1.11.1.7; +H₂O₂) and fungal unspecific peroxygenases (EC 1.11.2.1).

Preferably, O-demethylation is combined with further processing steps, because it is possible that oxymorphone, alpha- and beta-oxymorphol or other oxymorphone-like products can result in such O-demethylation of the target drug e.g. in case of oxycodone. Since oxymorphone could have similar abuse-potential as the target drug, a further step (i.e. processing by a further, oxymorphone-processing enzyme) may be provided, such as a glucuronidation step.

N-demethylation (N17): CYP1-3 (all: EC 1.14.14.1; +heme+H-donor, such as NAD(P)H, FAD, FMN, ferredoxin, etc.), preferably CYP3A, CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C and CYP2D, especially CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6, especially CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1 and EC 1.11.2; +H₂O₂), horseradish peroxidase (HRP, EC 1.11.1.7; +H₂O₂). N-demethylation may lead to products such as noroxycodone (if e.g. oxycodone is transformed), noroxymorphone, alpha- and beta-noroxycodol, or similar products with no or low abusive potential (although having a certain (but very low) opioid agonist activity, but far less than oxycodone (also due to their poor uptake into the brain)).

Keto-reduction (C6): carbonyl reductase (NADPH) (EC 1.1.1.184; +NAD(P)H), such as dihydromorphinone ketone reductase (DMKR; types I to V) and dihydrocodeinone ketone reductase (DCKR, types I and II); additionally dehydrogenases such as morphine 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.218; +NAD(P)H). Keto-reduction may lead to products, such as alpha- and beta-oxycodol, or nor-6-oxycodol, which have no (or only a weak) abusive potential.

N-oxidation (N): Flavin-containing monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8; +NAD(P), FAD).

Epoxy-hydroxylation: microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9), epoxide hydratase (EC 3.3.2.3 and 4.2.1.63), soluble epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.10).

Glucuronidation: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17; +UDP-glucuronate), especially UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes, such as UGT1.1, UGT2B7, bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.95; +UDP-glucuronate). In all cases synthetic functionalised co-substrates may be used e.g. instead of UDP-glucuronate to better promote inactivation of the target drug may be added.

Acetylation: ac(et)yltransferase (EC 2.3) and CoA-transferase (E.C. 2.8.3), especially N-acetyltransferase (NAT, EC 2.3.1; usually +acetyl-Coenzyme A (ac-CoA)) and 0-acetyltransferase (OAT; EC 2.3.1; usually +ac-CoA).

Sulfation: sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2), especially the human SULT transferases.

A further option to select suitable drug-processing enzymes is to select enzymes disclosed to be effective and specific for a given reaction type (e.g. O-demethylation, N-demethylation, keto-reduction, epoxy-hydroxylation, N-oxidation, or addition of molecules (such as glucuronidation and acetylation)) from enzyme databases, such as the BRENDA (BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase) enzyme portal (http://www.brenda-enzymes.org). BRENDA is the main information system of functional biochemical and molecular enzyme data and provides access to seven interconnected databases.

BRENDA contains 2.7 million manually annotated data on enzyme occurrence, function, kinetics and molecular properties. Each entry is connected to a reference and the source organism. Enzyme ligands are stored with their structures and can be accessed via their names, synonyms or via a structure search.

FRENDA (Full Reference ENzyme DAta) and AMENDA (Automatic Mining of ENzyme DAta) are based on text mining methods and represent a complete survey of PubMed abstracts with information on enzymes in different organisms, tissues or organelles. The supplemental database DRENDA provides more than 910 000 new EC number-disease relations in more than 510 000 references from automatic search and a classification of enzyme-disease-related information. KENDA (Kinetic ENzyme DAta), a new amendment extracts and displays kinetic values from PubMed abstracts.

The integration of the EnzymeDetector offers an automatic comparison, evaluation and prediction of enzyme function annotations for prokaryotic genomes. The biochemical reaction database BKM-react contains non-redundant enzyme-catalysed and spontaneous reactions and was developed to facilitate and accelerate the construction of biochemical models.

The drug-processing enzymes often require co-factors, such as H and/or electron donors and acceptors, such as NAD(P)H, FMN, FAD, ferredoxin, 2-oxoglutarate, hemes (CYP superfamily); or donors for the groups to be added to the target drug (acetyl (such as ac-CoA), glucoronate (such as UDP-glucuronate), etc.). These co-factors are also provided in the composition according to the present invention, unless such factors are, in any way, already present in a potentially abusive situation (e.g. if the composition is dissolved in an aqueous solution, O₂ which is required for some of the oxidation reactions disclosed above, or H₂O needed for epoxy-hydroxylation will be available under such abusive conditions; sometimes even the ions needed, provided they are contained in the extraction solvent). In the present specification, co-factors needed for the specific enzymatic reaction with the target drug (and provided in the present composition, e.g. as prosthetic groups directly connected to the enzyme) are sometimes explicitly mentioned; however, the person skilled in the art is well aware of the co-factors necessary and the conditions suitable for obtaining a composition according to the present invention, wherein enzyme activity is usually optimised to abusive circumstances, e.g. when the composition is dissolved in water or an aqueous buffer.

In some embodiments, it can be preferred to provide a combination of enzymes (and their respective co-factors) in the preparation according to the present invention. For example, it can be preferred to add further processing enzymes, such as glucuronidases and/or acetyltransferases to further process the target drug-products that emerge from O-demethylation, N-demethylation, keto-reduction, epoxy-hydroxylation or N-oxidation, e.g. by providing a glucuronidated/acetylated derivate at the newly created hydroxyl-group. Such combinations may also be applied if the result of the drug-processing itself represents a potential aim of abuse (as e.g. for oxymorphone).

If the drug-processing enzyme is a membrane-dependent enzyme, the enzyme may be provided in liposomal form, preferably in the form of dry liposomes (in such cases, auxiliary substances, such as sucrose or trehalose may be preferably added; see e.g. Sun et al., Biophys. J 70 (1996): 1769-1776).

According to a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprises a further enzyme, preferably a further drug-processing enzyme or an enzyme further processing the processed drug forms, especially laccase (EC 1.10.3.2).

A specific embodiment of the present invention therefore additionally provides a laccase in the present composition. Laccase can dimerise or polymerise (or initiate or otherwise aid polymerisation of) the drug-processed molecules. Although laccase itself may not directly constitute a drug-processing enzyme (because it does not process the target drug itself), laccase can be used with drug-processing enzymes disclosed above to further enhance the abuse-deterrent character of the present compositions. Laccase can also be used with electron mediators to directly oxidize the target drug or with cosubstrates with certain functionalities (phenolic, aromatic amines, double bonds) to form oligomers or polymers preventing abuse. Laccases are also suitable to create hydrogels, specifically when employed with hydrogel-forming components, such as chitosan and/or catechol or carboxymethylchitosan and/or vanillin. Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2; CAS registry number 80498-15-3) are frequently described and analysed copper-containing oxidase enzymes that are found in many plants, fungi, and microorganisms (Riva, Trends in Biotechnology 24 (2006), 219-226). Laccases act on phenols and similar molecules, performing one-electron oxidations. According to the BRENDA database, the systematic name of laccase is benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase. Laccases are defined as a group of multi-copper proteins of low specificity acting on both o- and p-quinols, and often acting also on aminophenols and phenylenediamine. The semiquinone may react further either enzymatically or non-enzymatically.

Additionally, some non-laccase substrates can be oxidized by using mediators for the reaction. When these well-established laccase mediators are oxidized by laccase they generate strong oxidizing reactive species (radicals, radical quinones and quinones) which can further react with non-laccase substrates. If the laccase oxidized mediator is reduced back to its original compound, it is again re-oxidized by laccase to generate reactive species which can again oxidize another molecule. Such laccase mediators are able to oxidize molecules which cannot be oxidized directly by laccase. There are many types of mediators used in laccase formulations including aromatic centered mediators (ArOH; e.g. ferulic acid, syringaldehyde) and nitrogen centered mediators (RNOH; e.g. violuric acid, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole.

Suitable mediators are widely available in the present field. For example, mediators capable of enhancing the activity of oxidoreductases, especially of phenol-oxidizing enzymes, such as laccase, are disclosed in WO 95/01426 A1, WO 96/10079 A1 or WO 2012/085016 A1.

Another strategy involves the use of co-substrates together with laccase. Co-substrates are added to the reaction and they are oxidized by the laccase subsequently reacting and forming covalent bonds with non-laccase substrates resulting in oligomers or polymers. Generally many laccase substrates can act as cosubstrates to bind to non-laccases substrates such as phenolics (catechol), aromatic amines, alkenes, etc.

Laccases play a role in the formation of lignin by promoting the oxidative coupling of monolignols, a family of naturally occurring phenols. Laccases can be polymeric, and the enzymatically active form can be a dimer or trimer. Other laccases, such as the ones produced by the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, play a role in the degradation of lignin, and can therefore be included in the broad category of lignin-modifying enzymes. Because laccase belongs to the oxidase enzyme family it requires oxygen as a second substrate for the enzymatic action. Spectrophotometry can be used to detect laccases, using the substrates ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), syringaldazine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Activity can also be monitored with an oxygen sensor, as the oxidation of the substrate is paired with the reduction of oxygen to water.

The laccase used in the present composition can be selected easily and optimised by availability, reactivity with the selected drug and the planned storage and administration conditions. Laccases are available from various sources, e.g. from fungi, bacteria or plants. Most of the common laccases can also be produced recombinantly. Recombinant production is preferred if consistent and continuous amounts are needed and in cases where natural sources are problematic, e.g. due to possible impurities. There are a number of laccases that are industrially used and therefore well available also in amounts necessary for mass production. For example fungal laccases are available from Collybia, Fomus, Lentinus, Pleurotus, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Podospora, Phlebia (P. radiata), Coriolus (C. hirsitus), Botrytis, Polyporus (P. pinsitus or P. versicolor, Rhizoctonia solani, Scytalidium (S. thermophilium), Pyricularia (P. oryzae), Coprinus (C. cinereus), Trametes, (T. hirsuta, T. villosa and T. versicolor), Coriolopsis (C. gallica), Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Heterobasidion annosum, Spiniger meineckellus and Myceliophthora thermophila; bacterial laccases are available from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Azospirillum. Specifically preferred laccases are from Trametes villosa, from Myceliophthora thermophila, and from Pleurotus ostreatus.

Preferred laccases are those that are already applied industrially, e.g. those used in laccase-based biosensors as reviewed in Rodriguez-Delgado et al. (Trends Anal. Chem. 74 (2015), 21-45, especially under item 2 and in tables 2 to 5 in this document). Further suitable and preferred examples of laccases are disclosed in WO 00/27204 A1, such as laccases from fungi include a laccase derivable from a strain of Aspergillus, Neurospora, e. g., N. crassa, Podospora, Botrytis, Collybia, Fomes, Lentinus, Pleurotus, Trametes, e. g., T. villosa and T. versicolor, Rhizoctonia, e. g., R. solani, Coprinus, e. g., C. cinereus, C. comatus, C. friesii, and C. plicatilis, Psathyrella, e. g., P. condelleana, Panaeolus, e. g., P. papilionaceus, Myceliophthora, e. g., M. thermophila, Schytalidium, e. g., S. thermophilum, Polyporus, e. g., P. pinsitus, Pycnoporus, e. g. P. cinnabarinus, Phlebia, e. g., P. radita (WO 92/01046 A), or Coriolus, e. g., C. hirsutus (JP 2-238885); examples from bacteria include a laccase derivable from a strain of Bacillus; laccases derived from Coprinus, Myceliophthora, Polyporus, Pycnoporus, Scytalidium or Rhizoctonia; laccases derived from Coprinus cinereus, Myceliophthora thermophila, Polyporus pinsitus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Scytalidium thermophilum or Rhizoctonia solani.

A way for the determination of laccase activity (LACU) is the determination of laccase activity from the oxidation of syringaldazin under aerobic conditions. The violet colour produced is measured spectrophotometrically at 530 nm. The analytical conditions are 19 mM syringaldazin, 23 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5, 30° C., 1 min. reaction time. 1 laccase unit (LACU) is the amount of enzyme that catalyses the conversion of 1.0 μmole syringaldazin per minute at these conditions (WO 00/27204 A1).

The present invention provides the combination of the target drug with drug-processing enzymes as a novel approach for abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical drug formulations. The new strategy on which the present invention is based is the use of a drug-processing enzyme (or an enzyme system) to convert a drug into a non-active form (e.g. into a precipitated or inactivated or less-active product) making it non-useable (e.g. by transforming it into an inactive (or at least: less active) form or by making it impossible to inject the drug with a syringe). On the other hand, if the target drug is administered as foreseen (e.g. orally), proteases from the body (or the total environment of the stomach and the small intestine) deactivate the drug-processing enzyme and the target drug can unfold its effect without being inactivated by the accompanying enzyme. For an improved protease-degradability, the drug-processing enzymes may be modified by the introduction of (additional) protease cleavage sites so as to increase the degradation rate of these enzymes after exposure to such proteases.

A prerequisite of the abuse-deterrent strategy according to the present invention is that during storage and before use the composition according to the present invention containing a combination of the target drug and the drug-processing enzyme is kept in an environment wherein the drug-processing enzyme does not (yet) react with the target drug. This can e.g. be safeguarded by keeping (storing) both components under conditions where the drug-processing enzyme is inactive or by spatial separation of the two components. For example, if the composition is kept in a dry form, the drug-processing enzyme cannot react with the target drug because such reaction requires aqueous conditions. As soon as a dry composition according to the present invention is dissolved in water (e.g. in order to extract the opioid drug for abuse), the drug-processing enzyme can react with the target drug and enzymatically transforms the target drug into a molecule that is not (ab-)usable anymore because of its degradation or because it is polymerised. Another example for preventing the drug-processing enzyme to react on the target drug is to spatially separate the target drug-processing enzyme from the target drug so that—again—only after contact of the composition with water or a comparable solvent, the drug-processing enzyme can react on the target drug. Such spatial separation can e.g. be established by providing the drug-processing enzyme and the target drug in different compartments of the pharmaceutical formulation, by providing specific coatings, by separate granulation, etc.

On the other hand, the drug-processing enzyme in the compositions according to the present invention must be reactive, e.g. once exposed to aqueous environment or to other situations which are not in line with the administration routes or administration activities intended (i.e. if an abuse is likely), it has to react with the accompanied target drug to prevent or at least deter abuse of this drug.

The new abuse-deterrent strategy according to the present invention is in principle applicable for any target drug that has a risk for abuse. For each of such drugs, a suitable enzyme (or enzyme system) may be found according to the rationale given in the present specification.

Preferred target drugs according to the present invention are those drugs with the highest abuse potential, especially opioids, substituted amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (particularly flunitrazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam and clonazepam), cocaine, methaqualone, cannabis. Preferred opioids subjected to the abuse-deterrent strategy according to the present invention are selected from the group morphine, tapentadol, oxycodone, buprenorphine, cebranopadol, diamorphine (=heroin), dihydrocodeine, ethylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone and levomethadone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, pethidine, fentanyl, levorphanol and levomethorphane and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs and mixtures thereof.

Other preferred target drugs may be selected from the group consisting of opiates, opioids, tranquillizers, preferably benzodiazepines, stimulants and other narcotics. The dosage form according to the invention is particularly suitable for preventing abuse of opiates, opioids, tranquillizers, and other narcotics which are selected from the group consisting of N-{1-[2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-2-tetrazolin-1-yl)ethyl]-4-methoxymethyl-4-piperidyl}propionanilide(alfentanil), 5,5-diallylbarbituric acid (allobarbital), allylprodine, alphaprodine, 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]-benzodiazepine(alprazolam), 2-diethylaminopropiophenone(amfepramone), (±)-[alpha]-methylphenethylamine (amphetamine), 2-([alpha]-methylphenethylamino)-2-phenylacetonitrile (amphetaminil), 5-ethyl-5-isopentylbarbituric acid (amobarbital) anileridine, apocodeine, 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid (barbital), benzylmorphine, bezitramide, 7-bromo-5-(2-pyridyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2 (3H)-one (bromazepam), 2-bromo-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine (brotizolam), 17-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5[alpha]-epoxy-7 [alpha][(S)-1-hydroxy-1,2,2-trimethyl-propyl]-6-methoxy-6,14-endo-ethanomorphinan-3-ol (buprenorphine), 5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid (butobarbital), butorphanol, (7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl)dimethylcarbamate (camazepam), (1S,2S)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanol(cathine/D-norpseudoephedrine), 7-chloro-N-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ylamine 4-oxide (chlordiazepoxide), 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione (clobazam), 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (clonazepam), clonitazene, 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid (clorazepate), 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-ethyl-1-methyl-1H-thieno [2,3-e][1,4]diazepin-2 (3H)-one (clotiazepam), 10-chloro-11b-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one (cloxazolam), (−)-methyl-[3[beta]-benzoyloxy-2[beta](1[alpha]H, 5[alpha]H)-tropane carboxylate](cocaine), 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-7-morphinen-6[alpha]-ol (codeine), 5-(1-cyclohexenyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid (cyclobarbital), cyclorphan, cyprenorphine, 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (delorazepam), desomorphine, dextromoramide, (+)-(1-benzyl-3-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl)propionate (dextropropoxyphene), dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (diazepam), 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-6[alpha]-morphinanol(dihydrocodeine), 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-17-methyl-3,6[alpha]-morphinandiol (dihydromorphine), dimenoxadol, dimephetamol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, (6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol (dronabinol), eptazocine, 8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (estazolam), ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethyl [7-chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate](ethyl loflazepate), 4,5a-epoxy-3-ethoxy-17-methyl-7-morphinen-6a-ol (ethylmorphine), etonitazene, 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-7[alpha]-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6-methoxy-17-methyl-6,14-endo-etheno-morphinan-3-ol (etorphine), N-ethyl-3-phenyl-8,9,10-trinorbornan-2-ylamine (fencamfamine), 7-[2-([alpha]-methylphenethylamino)ethyl]-theophylline) (fenethylline), 3-([alpha]-methylphenethylamino)propionitrile (fenproporex), N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide (fentanyl), 7-chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (fludiazepam), 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-7-nitro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (flunitrazepam), 7-chloro-1-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (flurazepam), 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (halazepam), 10-bromo-11b-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one (haloxazolam), heroin, 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-6-morphinanone (hydrocodone), 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl-6-morphinanone (hydromorphone), hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, hydroxymethylmorphinan, 11-chloro-8,12b-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-12b-phenyl-4H-[1,3]oxazino[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepine-4,7(6H)-dione (ketazolam), 1-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidyl]-1-propanone (ketobemidone), (3S,6S)-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-yl acetate (levacetylmethadol (LAAM)), (−)-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenol-3-heptanone (levomethadone), (−)-17-methyl-3-morphinanol (levorphanol), levophenacylmorphane, lofentanil, 6-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinylmethylene)-8-nitro-2H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]-benzodiazepin-1(4H)-one (loprazolam), 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (lorazepam), 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (lormetazepam), 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ol (mazindol), 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine (medazepam), N-(3-chloropropyl)-[alpha]-methylphenethylamine (mefenorex), meperidine, 2-methyl-2-propyltrimethylene dicarbamate (meprobamate), meptazinol, metazocine, methylmorphine, N, [alpha]-dimethylphenethylamine (metamphetamine), (±)-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenol-3-heptanone (methadone), 2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone (methaqualone), methyl [2-phenyl-2-(2-piperidyl)acetate](methylphenidate), 5-ethyl-1-methyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid (methylphenobarbital), 3,3-diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione (methyprylon), metopon, 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (midazolam), 2-(benzhydrylsulfinyl)acetamide (modafinil), 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-17-methyl-7-morphinen-3,6[alpha]-diol (morphine), myrophine, (±)-trans-3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-7,8,10,10[alpha]-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo-[b,d]pyran-9(6[alpha]H)-one (nabilone), nalbuphene, nalorphine, narceine, nicomorphine, 1-methyl-7-nitro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (nimetazepam), 7-nitro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (nitrazepam), 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (nordazepam), norlevorphanol, 6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-hexanone (normethadone), normorphine, norpipanone, the exudation from plants belonging to the species Papaver somniferum (opium), 7-chloro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (oxazepam), (cis-trans)-10-chloro-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydro-2-methyl-11b-phenyloxazolo[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-(5H)-one (oxazolam), 4,5[alpha]-epoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-6-morphinanone (oxycodone), oxymorphone, plants and parts of plants belonging to the species Papaver somniferum (including the subspecies setigerum) (Papaver somniferum), papaveretum, 2-imino-5-phenyl-4-oxazolidinone (pernoline), 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-6,11-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-ol (pentazocine), 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-barbituric acid (pentobarbital), ethyl (1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylate) (pethidine), phenadoxone, phenomorphane, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, pholcodeine, 3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine (phenmetrazine), 5-ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid (phenobarbital), [alpha], [alpha]-dimethylphenethylamine (phentermine), 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1-(2-propynyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (pinazepam), [alpha]-(2-piperidyl)benzhydryl alcohol (pipradrol), 1′-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl) [1,4′-bipiperidine]-4′-carboxamide (piritramide), 7-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (prazepam), profadol, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propoxyphene, N-(1-methyl-2-piperidinoethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)propionamide, methyl {3-[4-methoxycarbonyl-4-(N-phenylpropanamido)piperidino]propanoate}(remifentanil), 5-sec-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid (secbutabarbital), 5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-barbituric acid (secobarbital), N-{4-methoxymethyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl}propionanilide (sufentanil), 7-chloro-2-hydroxy-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (temazepam), 7-chloro-5-(1-cyclohexenyl)-1-methyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one (tetrazepam), ethyl (2-dimethylamino-1-phenyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate) (tilidine, cis and trans)), tramadol, 8-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (triazolam), 5-(1-methylbutyl)-5-vinylbarbituric acid (vinylbital), (1R*,2R*)-3-(3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)-phenol, (1R,2R,4S)-2-(dimethylamino)methyl-4-(p-fluorobenzyloxy)-1-(m-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol, in each case optionally in the form of corresponding stereoisomeric compounds and corresponding derivatives, in particular esters or ethers, and respective corresponding physiologically acceptable compounds, in particular salts and solvates.

Specifically preferred opioids can be selected from the group consisting of opioids comprising a phenolic hydroxy-group, such as morphine, tapentadol, hydromorphone, etorphine, desomorphine, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, opioid peptides comprising a phenylalanine residue, such as adrenorphin, amidorphin, casomorphin, DADLE ([D-Ala², D-Leu]-Enkephalin), DAMGO ([D-Ala², N-MePhe⁴, Gly-ol]-enkephalin), dermorphin, endomorphin, morphiceptin, and TRIMU 5 (L-tyrosyl-N-{[(3-methylbutyl)amino]acetyl}-D-alaninamide); oripavine, 6-MDDM (6-methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine), chlornaltrexamine, dihydromorphine, hydromorphinol, methyldesorphine, N-phenethylnormorphine, RAM-378 (7,8-Dihydro-14-hydroxy-N-phenethylnormorphine), heterocodeine, 7-spiroindanyloxymorphone, morphinone, pentamorphone, semorphone, chloromorphide, nalbuphine, oxymorphazone, 1-iodomorphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-monoacetylmorphine, normorphine, morphine-N-oxide, cyclorphan, dextrallorphan, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, norlevorphanol, oxilorphan, phenomorphan, furethylnorlevorphanol, xorphanol, butorphanol, 6,14-endoethenotetrahydrooripavine, BU-48 (N-Cyclopropylmethyl-[7α,8α,2′,3′]-cyclohexano-1′[S]-hydroxy-6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydronororipavine), buprenorphine, cyprenorphine, dihydroetorphine, etorphine, norbuprenorphine, 5′-guanidinonaltrindole, diprenorphine, levallorphan, methylnaltrexone, nalfurafine, nalmefene, naloxazone, naloxone, nalorphine, naltrexone, naltriben, naltrindole, 6β-naltrexol-d4, pseudomorphine, naloxonazine, norbinaltorphimine, alazocine, bremazocine, dezocine, ketazocine, metazocine, pentazocine, phenazocine, cyclazocine, hydroxypethidine (bemidone), ketobemidone, preferably morphine, tapentadol, buprenorphine, especially morphine. An example of an opioid drug with a phenolic amino group is anileridine. These aforementioned opioids may e.g. processed by laccase as drug-processing enzyme.

Specifically preferred pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention are compositions wherein the drug with abuse potential is selected from morphine, oxycodone, tapentadol, diacetylmorphine, hydromorphone, methadone, oxymorphone, and dihydrocodeine.

Preferably, morphine is subjected to phenol-oxidation at C3 by laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and related enzymes: e.g. catecholoxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), monophenol monooxygenases (EC 1.14.18.1), ascorbate oxidases (EC 1.10.3.3), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); keto-reduction/OH oxidation at C6 by morphine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.218), secondary alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.18); N-oxidation at N17 by peroxidases/peroxygenases (EC 1.11), FAD-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); epoxy-hydration at C4/5 by epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9); by other oxygenase activity with an additional introduction of oxygen by phenol hydroxylation by phenol 2-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.7); addition of molecules at C3/C6 by glucuronosyl transferases, N-acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases, O-methyltransferases (EC 2.1.1).

Preferably, tapentadol is subjected to phenol-oxidation at C1 by laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and related enzymes: e.g. catecholoxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), monophenol monooxygenases (EC 1.14.18.1), ascorbate oxidases (EC 1.10.3.3), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); N-Oxidation by peroxidases/peroxygenases (EC 1.11), FAD-Monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); by other oxygenase activity by hydroxylation by CYP2D6; addition of molecules at C1 by glucuronosyl transferases and N-acetyltransferases.

Preferably, oxycodone is subjected O-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP2d6); monooxygenases (EC 1.14); peroxidases, e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); keto-reduction/OH oxidation by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.213); NADPH dehydrogenase (OYE); 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.149); N-Oxidation at N17 by peroxidases/peroxygenases (EC 1.11), FAD-Monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); epoxy-hydration at C4/5 by epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9); by unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1), by other oxygenase activity with an additional introduction of oxygen by Baeyer-Villiger reaction catalyzed by monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.7); aldol condensation (dimerization) by aldolases (EC 4.1.2).

Preferably, diacetylmorphine is subjected to N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); N-oxidation at N17 by peroxidases/peroxygenases (EC 1.11), FAD-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); epoxy-hydration at C4/5 by epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9); by other oxygenase activity with an additional introduction of oxygen; removal of molecules by deacetylation with hydrolytic enzymes, e.g. esterases, cutinases; carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1), acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.6); cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).

Preferably, hydromorphone is subjected to phenol-oxidation at C3 by laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and related enzymes: e.g. catecholoxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), monophenol monooxygenases (EC 1.14.18.1), ascorbate oxidases (EC 1.10.3.3), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14); keto-reduction/OH oxidation C6 by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.213), NADPH dehydrogenase (OYE); N-oxidation at N17 by peroxidases/peroxygenases (EC 1.11), FAD-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); epoxy-hydration at C4/5 by epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9); by other oxygenase activity by cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1), by unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1), formation of dihydromorphine, Baeyer-Villiger reaction, by phenol hydroxylation by phenol 2-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.7); addition of molecules at C3 by glucuronosyl transferases, N-acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases; aldol condensation (dimerization) by aldolases (EC 4.1.2).

Preferably, methadone is subjected to N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); keto-reduction/OH oxidation at C5 to methadol by NADPH dehydrogenase (OVE); by other oxygenase activity by monooxygenases (EC 1.14.13), with an additional introduction of oxygen and formation of phenolic groups, by Baeyer-Villiger reaction.

Preferably, oxymorphone is subjected to phenol-oxidation at C3 by laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and related enzymes: e.g. catecholoxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), monophenol monooxygenases (EC 1.14.18.1), ascorbate oxidases (EC 1.10.3.3), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); keto-reduction/OH oxidation by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.213), NADPH dehydrogenase (OYE); N-oxidation at N17 by peroxidases/peroxygenases (EC 1.11), FAD-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); epoxy-hydration at C4/5 by epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9); by other oxygenase activity with an additional introduction of oxygen by phenol hydroxylation by phenol 2-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.7); addition of molecules at C3 by glucuronosyl transferases, N-acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases; aldol condensation (dimerization) by aldolases (EC 4.1.2).

Preferably, dihydrocodeine is subjected to O-dealkylation and N-dealkylation by mixed function oxidase Cyt.P450 (CYP3A4; CYP2C8), monooxygenases (EC 1.14), peroxidases e.g. horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7); keto-reduction/OH oxidation at C6 by morphine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.218), secondary alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.18), codeinone reductase (EC 1.1.1.247); N-oxidation at N17 by peroxidases/peroxygenases (EC 1.11), FAD-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); epoxy-hydration at C4/5 by epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9); by other oxygenase activity with an additional introduction of oxygen; addition of molecules at C3/C6 by glucuronosyl transferases, N-acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases.

Specifically preferred pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention therefore comprise morphine, oxycodone, tapentadol, diacetylmorphine, hydromorphone, methadone, oxymorphone, or dihydrocodeine (as drugs with abuse potential) with an enzyme as described above (as drug-processing enzyme).

Preferred pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention comprise as drug/drug-processing enzyme a combination selected from morphine/laccase, tapentadol/laccase, oxymorphone/laccase, hydromorphone/laccase, pentazocine/laccase, buprenorphine/laccase, diacetylmorphine/hydrolase/laccase, levorphanol/laccase, and oxycodone/laccase/oxycodone-processing enzyme.

The present pharmaceutical composition can be formulated according to the intended (non-abuse-deterrent) administration route, if necessary, adapted to the present invention (e.g. when the drug-processing enzyme and the target drug are spatially separated). Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is provided as a dose unit. It is therefore preferred to provide the present composition as a tablet, e.g. a mini-tablet (i.e. small tablets with a diameter of 3 mm or below), a coat-core tablet (coated tablet), a bi-layer tablet, a multi-layer tablet, a capsule, an effervescent tablet, a soluble tablet, a dispersible tablet, a pellet, a MUPS (multiple unit pellet system), a granulate, a powder, especially coated, sugar-coated and/or functionally coated (e.g. enteric coated) forms thereof. Enteric coatings are specifically advantageous for the prevention of premature inactivation of the drug-processing enzyme, i.e. before the physiologic proteases act on the drug-processing enzyme. An enteric coating is generally defined as a polymer barrier applied on oral medication for protecting drugs from the acidity of the stomach. Enteric coatings are therefore usually stable at the highly acidic pH found in the stomach, but break down rapidly at a less acidic (relatively more basic; pH 7-9) pH in the intestine (i.e. after leaving the stomach). Typical substances/materials used for such enteric coatings are shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, and methacrylic acid ester copolymers, or zein, for example, as well as hydrophobic or hydrophilic polymers and mixtures of such substances, if appropriate. Hydrophobic polymeric coatings include acrylic polymer, acrylic copolymer, methacrylic polymer or methacrylic copolymer, including Eudragit® L100, Eudragit® L100-55, Eudragit® L 30D-55, Eudragit® S100, Eudragit® 4135F, Eudragit® RS, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl methacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, methacrylic acid alkylamine copolymer, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethacrylic acid anhydride, polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylic acid anhydride and glycidyl methacrylate copolymers, an alkylcellulose such as ethylcellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate phthalate, and cellulose acetate trimaleate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, polyester, waxes, shellac, zein, or the like. The coating can also include hydrophilic materials such as a pharmaceutically-acceptable, water-soluble polymer such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), ethylene oxide-propylene oxide co-polymers, polyethylene-polypropylene glycol (e.g. poloxamer), carbomer, polycarbophil, chitosan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxyalkyl celluloses such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, polyacrylates such as carbomer, polyacrylamides, polymethacrylamides, polyphosphazines, polyoxazolidines, polyhydroxyalkylcarboxylic acids, alginic acid and its derivatives such as carrageenate alginates, ammonium alginate and sodium alginate, starch and starch derivatives, polysaccharides, carboxypolymethylene, polyethylene glycol, gelatin or the like.

Preferred enteric coating materials are methyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers, cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers, shellac, cellulose acetate trimellitate, sodium alginate and zein.

A further embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is a coated composition wherein the coat comprises the drug-processing enzyme. The drug-processing enzyme acts on the target drug when the coated composition is dissolved in aqueous liquids (for extracting the drugs (opioids)), whereas the drug-processing enzyme is immediately destroyed or inactivated after ingestion (according to the prescribed (oral) administration route) in the stomach or in the intestine.

Since the pharmaceutical preparations according to the present invention are supposed to be administered to human patients in need of the drugs contained therein, the preparations are manufactured and finished as pharmaceutical preparations according to GMP, preferably according to the standards provided by the European Pharmacopoeia. This implies that the pharmaceutical preparations according to the present invention are marketed in properly sterile, clean and appropriately wrapped form as required by the regulatory authorities for marketed drug products, especially as required by the EMA for opioid drugs, such as morphine or oxycodone.

A specifically preferred embodiment is a composition wherein the drug-processing enzyme is coated so as to keep the drug-processing enzyme inactive on the target drug as long as the planned administration route is followed, i.e. which keeps the activity of the drug-processing enzyme from the target drug while being coated, e.g. until excretion of the (still coated) drug-processing enzyme by the patient, whereas abuse activity destroys the coat so that the drug-processing enzyme immediately acts on the target drug. For example, the drug-processing enzyme may be coated by one or more of the aforementioned substances/materials used for enteric coatings, e.g. Eudragit® L 30D-55 or Kollicoat® MAE 30D. Specifically preferred examples of such film-coatings or sequestering materials are Eudragit® RS (30D), Eudragit® NE 30 D; ethylcellulose, polymethacrylates (all disclosed in Rowe et al. (Eds.) “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients” 6^(th) Ed. (2009), Pharmaceutical Press, pages 262ff., 525 ff.); or the substances used in other opioid compositions for coating opioid antagonists (see e.g. EP 2 034 975 B1, U.S. Pat. No. 8,465,774 B2, and WO 2004/026283 A1), except, of course and self-understanding, substances that have a degradation risk by drug-processing enzyme activity (e.g. because they contain a group that is converted by the drug-processing enzyme provided in the composition according to the present invention).

The pharmaceutical composition preferably contains the target drug in the amount foreseen in the non-abuse-deterrent original composition. Accordingly, the target drug is preferably contained in an amount of 0.1 to 5 000 mg (i.e. 0.1 mg to 5 g), preferably 0.5 to 1 000 mg, especially 1 to 500 mg, per dosage unit. Currently marketed pharmaceutical target drug preparations contain 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 80, 120 or 160 mg of the drug, especially of oxycodone, e.g. as salt form, such as the hydrochloride. Preferred amounts of the target drug in such single dosage units may therefore be provided from 0.5 to 500 mg, especially from 1 to 200 mg. Depending on the formulation and the expected activity of the drug-processing enzyme during normal administration, also an increase of the amount of the target drug may be provided (compared to the non-abuse-deterrent original composition, i.e. to the pharmaceutical formulation of the target drug without the abuse-deterrent features) e.g. to compensate possible loss of drug activity (if such minor loss of activity is likely or cannot be completely excluded).

The amount of the drug-processing enzyme in the present pharmaceutical composition can be adjusted mainly based on the amount of the target drug and the formulation details. Illustrative examples to determine the activity of preferred drug-processing enzymes are listed in the example section.

More specifically, the amount of the drug-processing enzyme in the present pharmaceutical composition can be adjusted mainly based on the amount of drug, the reactivity of the enzyme and the formulation details. For example, the drug-processing enzyme may be added in the composition according to the present invention in an amount of 0.1 to 10 000 units (i.e. 0.1 u to 10 ku). According to a preferred embodiment (e.g. if laccase is used as drug-processing enzyme), laccase is contained in an amount of 1 to 1 000 units (i.e. 1 u to 1 ku), preferably 10 to 100 units. There are several ways to determine laccase activity. For the present invention, activities are determined by monitoring the oxidation of ABTS spectrophotometrically at 420 nm (ε=11.4 mL μmol⁻¹ cm⁻¹) at 25° C. in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7). The enzyme activity is expressed in Units, whereas one Unit (U) is defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyses the conversion of 1 μmole of ABTS per minute (1 U=μmol min⁻¹) (hereinafter referred to as the “laccase test according to the present invention”).

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention are dry compositions, usually with a moisture content (well) below 10%, preferably with a moisture content below 5%, especially below 2%.

The moisture content is preferably determined by accepted methods in the present filed, e.g. by the European Pharmacopeia. A specifically preferred method for determination of moisture is the Karl Fischer titration method (European Pharmacopeia 8.5 (2015), 2.5.12: semi-determination of water), wherein the water of crystallisation content is included again.

Although the present invention provides a completely new strategy for abuse-deterrent drugs, the present novel approach is also combinable with other abuse-deterrent strategies, e.g. the ones that have been identified in the FDA Guidance 2015 or in Schaeffer, J. Med. Toxicol. 8 (2012), 400-407. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention preferably comprises a further abuse-deterrent feature, for example a feature selected from the group consisting of: a physical or chemical barrier, especially increased tablet hardness, a (drug-processing enzyme-insensitive) drug antagonist, an aversion component, an abuse-deterrent delivery system and a prodrug. Provision of a physical barrier, especially increased tablet hardness, or an aversion component, especially a gelling agent and/or a non-gelling viscosity-increasing agent (e.g. λ-carrageenan) or, e.g. an emetic or a nasal irritant, is specifically preferred. For example, the present composition can be provided as a formulation with a resistance of more than 400 N, especially more than 500 N, as prescribed in the European Pharmacopeia (Ph.Eur.⁸ (2014) 2.9.8). Further examples for abuse-deterrent features combinable with the present invention are the provision of discrete mechanically reinforcing particles (WO 2012/061779 A1), of materials that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic (WO 2012/112952 A 1), of an acid soluble ingredient (a cationic polymer) with a buffering ingredient (U.S. Pat. No. 9,101,636 B2), of a monolithic solidified oral dosage form prepared by a thermal process (US 2008/0075771 A1), of an emetic or a nasal irritant (US 2008/075771 A1), of an extruded formulation (US 2015/0057304 A1) or of amorphous or polymeric organic acid salts of the opioid (US 2015/016835 A1), etc.

According to a preferred embodiment the pharmaceutical composition comprises a matrix containing 1 to 80 wt. % of one or more hydrophobic or hydrophilic polymers, preferably a matrix comprising agar, alamic acid, alginic acid, carmellose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, carbomer (such as Carbopol® carrageenan, chitosan, especially carboxymethylchitosan, catechol, copovidone, dextrin, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methacrylic acid copolymer, methylcellulose derivatives, microcrystalline cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polyalkylene oxide, especially polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, povidone, propylene glycol alginate, a polyvinylcaprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft co-polymer, pullulan, silicon dioxide, sodium alginate, starch, vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymers or of non-polymer matrix formers like microcrystalline wax, fatty alcohols and fatty acids like stearyl alcohol, cetyl stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, palmitic acid or salts and mixtures thereof, mono-, di- and triglycerides of saturated fatty acids with a chain length between 16 and 22 carbon atoms and a mixture of such mono- di- and triglycerides, respectively.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a hydrogel-forming component and/or suitable crosslinkers which allows the generation of insoluble crosslinked hydrogels of the drug once the drug-processing enzyme is activated by abusive steps (optionally a laccase as disclosed above may also contribute to such crosslinking). Preferred hydrogel-forming components are chitosan and carboxymethylchitosan; preferred crosslinkers are phenolic crosslinkers, especially catechol and vanillin. Preferred examples of such hydrogel/crosslinker compositions are compositions comprising chitosan and catechol or compositions comprising carboxymethylchitosan and vanillin.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is preferably a storage stable composition, preferably by comprising less than 5%, especially less than 1%, drug-processing enzyme-processed target drug degradation products after 6 month storage at 25° C. under dry conditions.

In general, the drug-processing enzymes should be acid-labile so that their activity in the present composition is immediately inactivated as soon as the drug-processing enzyme is in contact with the stomach fluid and/or the intestine environment of the patient to whom the composition is administered.

The present pharmaceutical composition can be provided as a modified release composition, especially a prolonged release composition. The term “modified form” is meant to include accelerated release, controlled release, and sustained release forms. Certain release forms can be characterized by their dissolution profile. “Dissolution profile”, means a plot of amount of active ingredient released as a function of time (Ph.Eur.⁸ (2014) 2.9.3). The dissolution profile can be measured utilizing the Drug Release Test <724>, which incorporates standard test USP 26 (Test <711>) of the US Pharmacopeia. A profile is characterized by the test conditions selected. Thus, the dissolution profile can be generated at a preselected apparatus, shaft speed, temperature, volume, and pH of the dissolution media. A first dissolution profile can be measured at a pH level approximating that of the stomach. A second dissolution profile can be measured at a pH level approximating that of one point in the intestine or several pH levels approximating multiple points in the intestine. A highly acidic pH may simulate the stomach and a less acidic to basic pH can simulate the intestine. By the term “highly acidic pH” it is meant a pH of about 1 to about 4. By the term “less acidic to basic pH” is meant a pH of greater than about 4 to about 7.5, preferably about 6 to about 7.5. A pH of about 1.2 can be used to simulate the pH of the stomach. A pH of about 6.0 to about 7.5, preferably about 7.5 can be used to simulate the pH of the intestine.

In contrast to modified release, “immediate release” is the conventional or non-modified release form in which greater than or equal to about 50% or more preferably about 75% of a drug according to the present invention is released e.g. within two hours of administration, preferably within one hour of administration, especially within 30 min of administration. By “controlled release” a dosage form is meant in which the drug release is controlled or modified over a period of time. Controlled can mean, for example, accelerated, sustained, delayed or pulsed release at a particular time. Alternatively, controlled can mean that the drug release is extended for longer than it would be in an immediate release dosage for, i.e., at least over several hours.

“Delayed release” indicates that there is a time-delay before significant plasma levels of the drug are achieved. A delayed release formulation according to the present invention avoids an initial burst of the drug, or can be formulated so that drug release in the stomach is avoided. A “pulsed release” formulation can contain a combination of immediate release, sustained release, and/or delayed release formulations in the same dosage form. A “semi-delayed release” formulation is a “pulsed released formulation in which a moderate dosage is provided immediately after administration and a larger dosage some hours after administration.

The terms “sustained release” or “extended release” are meant to include the release of the drug at such a rate that blood (e.g. plasma) levels are maintained within a therapeutic range but below toxic levels for at least about 8 hours, preferably at least about 12 hours, especially at least 24 hours (specifically preferred for 1 per day dosage regimen) after administration at steady-state. The term “steady-state” means that a plasma level for a given drug has been achieved and which is maintained with subsequent doses of the drug at a level which is at or above the minimum effective therapeutic level and is below the minimum toxic or overdose plasma level for a given drug. Most of the polymeric matrices and non-polymer matrix formers mentioned above have the capacity to deliver prolonged or sustained release capacity for a given drug in the formulation according to the present invention.

According to a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprises the target drug alone (as the only effective ingredient) or in combination with other pharmaceutically active ingredients, preferably in combination with a non-opioid analgesic, especially with ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, paracetamol and acetyl-salicylic acid.

In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme in the pharmaceutical composition essentially does not act on the drug (or any other constituents of the pharmaceutical composition) in vivo when the composition is administered in the intended way and intact (i.e. swallowed intact).

Preferably, the enzyme in the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is present in the composition in an essentially non-releasable form when the composition is administered in the intended way and intact (i.e. swallowed intact).

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the enzyme in the present pharmaceutical composition is deactivated in vivo.

According to a further aspect, the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprising the steps of mixing the target drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, ester or prodrug thereof with the drug-processing enzyme and finishing the mixture to a pharmaceutical composition. Alternatively, the method for manufacturing the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprises the steps of providing the target drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, ester or prodrug thereof and the drug-processing enzyme in separated form and finishing the separated components to a pharmaceutical composition.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising the target drug and a hydrogel-forming component and/or a crosslinker. The hydrogel-forming component and/or the crosslinker allow the generation of insoluble crosslinked molecules, especially as hydrogel, of the drug once the pharmaceutical composition is mixed with an aqueous mixture in the process of abusive steps. Preferred hydrogel-forming components are chitosan and carboxymethylchitosan; preferred crosslinkers are phenolic crosslinkers, especially catechol and vanillin. Preferred examples of such hydrogel/crosslinker compositions are composition comprising chitosan and catechol or compositions comprising carboxymethylchitosan and vanillin.

Preferably, the compositions according to the present inventions are provided as hydrogels. This involves the inclusion of another abuse deterrent approach, namely to create a system which changes the rheological properties of the reaction solution, i.e. the formation of a hydrogel. Hydrogels are very viscous and as a consequence, the drawing up with a needle is not possible.

The present invention also relates—by its nature—to a method of administration the abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention (i.e. comprising a drug with an enzyme-reactive functional group, wherein the drug has an abuse potential, and an enzyme capable of reacting with the enzyme-reactive functional group (a drug-processing enzyme), wherein the drug with the enzyme-reactive functional group is contained in the pharmaceutical composition in a storage stable, enzyme-reactive state and under conditions wherein no enzymatic activity acts on the drug) to a patient in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is orally administered to this patient in an effective amount and wherein the drug-processing enzyme is automatically deactivated in the course of this oral administration (by the components present in the patient's gastro-intestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, and (small) intestine(s))), e.g. by the patient's saliva, gastric juice and intestinal fluids and the patient's enzymes contained therein) so that the drug-processing enzyme does not act on the drug and the drug can therefore exhibit its destined effect in the patient).

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples and the figures, yet without being restricted thereto.

FIG. 1 shows the strategy of the present invention, exemplified by the example of morphine as drug. The abuse deterrent morphine/laccase system according to the present invention either converts morphine into a precipitated product or creates in combination with additives a hydrogel with which it is not possible anymore to inject the drug with a syringe. If the drug is administered as foreseen, proteases from the body deactivate the laccase and the drug unfolds its effect.

FIG. 2 shows the opioids that are investigated in the examples (morphine (left), tapentadol (middle) and oxycodone (right)).

FIG. 3 shows laccase oxidation of morphine with Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL) (violet) and Trametes villosa (TvL) (green).

FIG. 4 shows laccase oxidation of tapentadol with MtL (violet) and TvL (green).

FIG. 5 shows laccase oxidation of oxycodone with MtL (green) and TvL (violet).

FIG. 6 shows a TLC of morphine after enzymatic conversion at different time points compared to morphine as reference (first lane).

FIG. 7 shows a TLC of tapentadol after enzymatic conversion at different time points compared to tapentadol as reference (first lane).

FIG. 8 shows an FTIR of morphine precipitate (red line: morphine reference, blue line: precipitated morphine polymer)

FIG. 9 shows HPLC measurement of the enzymatically oxidized morphine.

FIG. 10 shows GC-MS spectra of morphine after enzymatic conversion.

FIG. 11 shows GC-MS spectra of morphine out of a GC-MS database library; comparison of the measured spectrum to the database spectrum.

FIG. 12 shows the conversion of morphine by laccase, detected by GC-MS.

FIG. 13 shows the chitosan-catechol-morphine hydrogel.

FIG. 14 shows the carboxymethylchitosan-morphine hydrogel.

FIG. 15 shows the strategy of the present invention. The abuse deterrent oxycodone/oxycodone-processing enzyme system according to the present invention either converts oxycodone into a processed oxycodone derivative with no or low abusive potential or creates in combination with additives a hydrogel with which it is not possible anymore to inject the drug with a syringe. If oxycodone is administered as foreseen, proteases from the body (and the conditions in the stomach and in the small intestine) deactivate the oxycodone-processing enzyme and oxycodone unfolds its effect.

FIG. 16 shows the enzymatic conversion of oxycodone to a partly precipitated product.

FIG. 17 shows oxygen concentration measurements with various opioids and laccase.

FIG. 18 shows oxygen concentration measurement for the laccase mediator system.

FIG. 19 shows oxygen concentration measurement for the laccase mediator system and oxycodone, with the mediators vanillin, ethylvanillin, gallic acid and syringic acid.

FIG. 20 shows oxycodone concentrations in percent for various LMS experiments with oxycodone and the respective controls.

FIG. 21 shows peak area [PA] found by MS-TOF analysis for the molecule formula C₁₇H₁₉NO₄, which is oxymorphone.

FIG. 22 shows oxygen concentration measurement for the laccase mediator system and methadone, with the mediator ABTS.

FIG. 23 shows the reaction scheme for the enzymatic deacetylation of diacetylmorphine to morphine with esterases. Morphine can then in turn be oxidized by laccases.

FIG. 24 shows acetate yields over time with different enzymes and temperatures measured by HPLC/RI.

FIG. 25 shows concentrations of DAM and morphine for the assays with different enzymes and temperatures.

FIG. 26 shows inactivation of enzymes within the human body.

FIG. 27 shows SDS-Page gel showing the proteolytic degradation of different enzymes, namely Myceliophthora thermophila laccase MTL, Humicola insolens cutinase HiC and horse radish peroxidase HRP.

FIG. 28 shows pH activity profile of MTL using ABTS as substrate.

FIG. 29 shows the stability profile of MTL in different pH levels over time.

FIG. 30 shows elimination of various concentrations of morphine with 10 U/ml laccase.

FIG. 31 shows that increase of laccase concentration is linear to the decrease in morphine concentration (→10 times more laccase results in a ˜10 times faster degradation).

FIG. 32 shows the result with 60000 mg/L morphine, nearly at the solubility limit of morphine.

EXAMPLES

I.: Laccase for Use in Abuse-Deterrent Opioid Formulations

Opioids are an important component of modern pain management, though the abuse and/or misuse of those drugs has created a growing public health problem. To counteract this problem, there is a strong demand for new technologies for preventing the abuse of opioids. This project therefore tries to approach this problem with a very unique way based on using enzymes.

The potential of enzymes to polymerize opioids, thereby preventing abuse were investigated. These enzymes will not be active when opioids are administered correctly. These possibilities are thoroughly investigated by the present project.

In the present example, the development of an appropriate enzyme system to eliminate opioids from solution is shown. Moreover, optimized reaction conditions for effective conversion of the opioid solution preventing administration through injection are provided. Finally, the function of the system is verified by showing the inactivation of the opioid destroying enzymes proteolytically when the drugs are administered as foreseen.

1. Materials

The opioids that are investigated were morphine, tapentadol and oxycodone as shown in FIG. 2.

Two different laccases were used to achieve elimination of opioids—one of them originated from Trametes villosa (TvL), the other one from Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL).

2. Oxygen Measurements

To determine whether the laccases act on any of the given opioids (morphine, tapentadol, oxycodone), an optical oxygen sensor was used. Laccases use oxygen as electron acceptor, consequently the oxygen concentration decreases upon substrate oxidation.

The conditions for the following reactions are shown in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Conditions for oxygen measurement of laccase catalysed oxidation of opioids Enzyme (Laccase) 10 U/ml Substrate  2 mg/ml Solvent Distilled water Temperature Room temperature

In FIG. 3 the oxidation of morphine by two different laccases namely from Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL) and Trametes villosa (TvL) is shown. The blue and red lines represent the two blanks, blue with distilled water and enzyme, and red distilled water with morphine. The violet and green lines represent the two reactions with the enzymes (violet: MtL, green: TvL). After approx. 5 minutes there is a clear decrease in the oxygen concentration in solution, meaning that the laccases are converting morphine to a reaction product. Additionally, the two solutions turned cloudy which means the reaction product precipitated. There was no significant difference between the two enzymes.

In FIG. 4 the oxidation of tapentadol by MtL (violet) and TvL (green) is shown. The decrease of oxygen with MtL is much slower compared to the decrease of oxygen with TvL. This could be because TvL has a much higher redox potential than the MtL. The different curves also show that the specificity of the two enzymes is very different on tapentadol. TvL converts tapentadol better which is indicated by the slope of the curve as well as the fact that the curve in the case of TvL drops to almost 0% oxygen.

In FIG. 5, the oxidation of oxycodone is shown. All of the curves look similar indicating that the two used enzymes are not capable of converting oxycodone. The cause for that is the missing phenolic—OH group in oxycodone (shown in FIG. 2), which is needed by laccases.

3. Thin Layer Chromatography

The reactions of morphine and tapentadol were also analysed by thin layer chromatography and are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. FIG. 6 shows the conversion of morphine. The first lane represents morphine as a reference, whereas the other lanes show samples that were taken at different time points (2, 10, 30, 60, 120 minutes). After only 2 minutes, 2 new dots are appearing on the TLC plate, indicating that a new product is formed out of the enzymatic reaction with morphine. The morphine reference dot disappears after 30 minutes, which indicates that all of the morphine is converted. The same procedure is shown in FIG. 7 for tapentadol. The conversion of tapentadol is much slower, but there is also a new dot appearing after 2 minutes and the tapentadol dot is disappearing after 120 minutes.

4. Analysis of the Precipitated Product

As mentioned above the reaction product of morphine precipitated, consequently the next part was the analysis of this precipitate. The following conditions were used for the reaction (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Conditions for the analysis of the morphine precipitate that is formed upon the enzymatic reaction with MtL Enzyme 20 U/ml Substrate 20 mg/ml Solvent Distilled water Temperature Room temperature

After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was centrifuged for 15 min at 16.100 rcf (relative centrifugal force). The supernatant was discarded and the remaining precipitate was lyophilized overnight. On the next day the dry precipitate was analyzed via FTIR as shown in FIG. 8. The red line shows morphine, the blue line the precipitated reaction product. It can be seen that there are new peaks arising and other peaks decreasing due to the polymerization reaction of the morphine.

For further analysis a solubility test of the precipitate was performed. As indicated in Table 3, the results for the solubility test were ambivalent. In none of the used solvents the precipitate was soluble, most likely meaning that a high molecular weight product was formed upon the enzymatic reaction. This is desirable for the main goal of the project, but for further analysis a soluble compound is necessary.

TABLE 3 Solubility tests of the precipitate formed upon the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of morphine Concentration of morphine Solvent precipitate [mg/ml] Solubility Acetonitrile 0.4 — THF 0.3 — Diethylether 0.4 — Toluene 0.4 — Hexane 0.3 — 100 mM Citrate buffer pH 4 1 ~ 100 mM Phosphate buffer pH 3 1 ~  50 mM Ammonium formate 0.001 ~ buffer pH 3 5. Analysis of the Precipitated Product

To address the second task—the changing of the rheological properties of the reaction mixture—different additives were added to increase the viscosity of the solution. The tested additives are shown in Table 4 and were mixed to the reaction as stated. Most of the chosen additives are already used in pharmaceutical applications. The desired increase in viscosity was only achieved when using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).

TABLE 4 Additives for the enzymatic morphine reaction to increase the viscosity Ratio/ Increased Additive concentration Troubleshooting viscosity Ferulic acid 1:1 − Catechol 1:1 toxic − Starch 1:1 solubility − Polyvinylpyrrolidone 50 mg/ml solubility − (PVP) Polyethylenglycol 50 mg/ml − (PEG6000) HPMC 100 mg/ml  time + Catechin 1:1 − Neohesperidin 1:1 − dihydrochalcon 6. Measurements of Enzymatic Conversion Using HPLC & GC

The kinetic of the enzymatic conversion of morphine was analyzed via HPLC and GC analysis.

Samples were taken at different time points (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30 minutes) during the reaction. The starting solution was 0.2 mg/ml morphine in distilled water. To start the reaction, MtL was added to a final concentration of 78.3 U/ml. 100 μL sample were taken and put into 900 μL of methanol (MeOH) to precipitate the enzyme. The solution was centrifuged and the supernatant was transferred to an HPLC vial via a 0.2 μm filter. Then the solution was measured with following HPLC conditions shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Conditions for the HPLC measurement of enzymatically oxidized morphine reaction rate determination Column Poroshell 120 EC-C18 3.0 × 0.5 mm Flow 0.8 ml/min Isocratic 85% mQ H₂O, 5% MeOH, 10% formic acid Injection volume 5 μL Column temperature 40° C. Signal wave length 240 nm

The result of the HPLC measurement is shown in FIG. 9. It is clearly visible that morphine is converted by the laccase. After 15 minutes no morphine signal was measured anymore. This means after approx. 15 minutes 100% of the morphine was converted to a partly precipitated product. Further analysis of the exact reaction mechanism and reaction product has to be investigated.

In addition to the HPLC method, a GC-MS method was established and the samples were analysed using the following conditions shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 GC-MS conditions for enzymatically oxidized morphine reaction rate determination Column Agilent Technologies DB17MS Temperature program 120° C.-320° C. Run time 11.5 min

The MS spectrum in FIG. 10 shows the result of the GC-MS measurement of morphine after the reaction. The sharp peak to the right represents morphine, which is confirmed by the MS spectrum library shown in FIG. 11. This is the proof that morphine was detected.

In FIG. 12 the conversion rate of the reaction of morphine and laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila is shown. For this reaction a concentration of 2 mg/ml morphine in distilled water was used. To start the reaction MtL was added to a final concentration of 78.3 U/ml. For the sample preparation 100 μL sample were taken and added to 900 μL of methanol (MeOH) to precipitate the enzyme. The solution was centrifuged and the supernatant was transferred to an HPLC vial via a 0.2 μm filter. In the vial there was NaSO₄ to bind remaining water from the enzyme which could cause problems in the GC chromatograph.

The conversion rate, compared to the conditions of the ones mentioned above measured by HPLC, is much slower. After 30 minutes approx. 60% of the morphine is converted. The cause for this is most likely the different enzyme/substrate ratio. For the HPLC measurement, much more enzyme was used compared to the samples that were prepared for the GC measurement. This shows that it is possible to influence the conversion rate with the proportion of enzyme to substrate.

7. Hydrogel

According to a preferred embodiment, the compositions according to the present inventions are provided as hydrogels. This involves the inclusion of another abuse deterrent approach, namely to create a system which changes the rheological properties of the reaction solution, i.e. the formation of a hydrogel. Hydrogels are very viscous and as a consequence, the drawing up with a needle is not possible. For this purpose different set ups were tried as shown in Table 7. The substances were mixed together until a gel was formed.

The first trial with chitosan formed a hydrogel after approx. 15 minutes. The idea is that catechol crosslinks the chitosan molecules and that the morphine is covalently imbedded via Michael's type reactions. This trial was a successful proof of concept while catechol needs to be replaced with other molecules already used as drug additives.

The second trial with carboxymethylchitosan formed a hydrogel just with morphine after approx. 24 h. This system would be non-harmful and the reaction time can be optimized.

TABLE 7 Conditions for enzymatic crosslinked hydrogels Substances Viscosity increased Chitosan 2% (w/v) + 500 μM Catechol + + (after 15 min) morphine 10 mg/ml + 2 U/ml MtL Carboxymethylchitosan 2% (w/v) + + (after 24 hours) morphine 10 mg/ml + 2U MtL

FIG. 13 shows the chitosan-catechol-morphine hydrogel. FIG. 14 shows the carboxymethylchitosan-morphine hydrogel. Both hydrogels are not injectable again and cannot be used anymore for administration.

Discussion:

This study demonstrates an entirely new enzymatic approach for the development of abuse deterrent opioids. Tapentadol and morphine were successfully converted by the enzyme laccase which was confirmed by oxygen consumption measurements, TLC, HPLC-MS, FTIR and GC-MS analysis.

Since the enzymatic conversion of morphine was quite straight forward, this reaction was chosen as a model for further analysis. The reaction rate of the laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila on morphine was analysed via HPLC and GC measurement. After approx. 15 minutes 100% of morphine was converted to a product which precipitated. The precipitated reaction product was analysed via FTIR and also solubility tests were conducted. The precipitate was hardly soluble in any of the used solvents, which is desired for abuse prevention.

Overall the desired abuse prevention system based on enzyme polymerization was successfully developed. According to the presented results it is plausible that the present system is extendable in principle to all drugs, especially all opioids that have a laccase-reactive functional group.

II. Inactivation of Oxycodone with an Enzyme System Consisting of Peroxidase/Laccase

Opioids are an important component of modern pain management, though the abuse and/or misuse of those drugs have created a growing public health problem. To counteract this problem, there is a strong demand for new technologies for preventing the abuse of opioids. This project therefore tries to approach this problem with a very unique way based on using enzymes.

The potential of enzymes to polymerize opioids, thereby preventing abuse was investigated. These enzymes will not be active when opioids are administered correctly. These possibilities are thoroughly investigated by the present project.

In the present example, the development of an appropriate enzyme system to eliminate opioids from solution can be shown. A peroxidase is used to produce an hydroxyl group in oxycodone while the such “activated” molecule is further transformed by the laccase. Moreover, optimized reaction conditions for effective conversion of the opioid solution preventing administration through injection are provided. Finally, the function of the system is verified by showing the inactivation of the opioid destroying enzymes proteolytically when the drugs are administered as foreseen.

Materials

The opioid that is investigated is oxycodone.

To achieve the elimination of oxycodone, the following enzymes are used: the horseradish peroxidase and a laccase originating from Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL). Glucose Oxidase (GOD, from Aspergillus niger) is used to generate H₂O₂ which is required for the peroxidase reaction.

Oxygen Measurements

To determine whether the laccase act on activated oxycodone an optical oxygen sensor is used. Laccases use oxygen as electron acceptor, consequently the oxygen concentration decreases upon substrate oxidation.

The conditions for the following reactions are shown in

TABLE 1 Enzyme HRP 10 U/ml Enzyme Glucose Oxidase 20 U/ml Enzyme Laccase 25 U/ml Oxycodone 10 mg/ml Glucose 10 mg/ml Solvent Distilled water Temperature Room temperature Measurements of Enzymatic Conversion Using HPLC

The kinetic of the enzymatic conversion of morphine is analyzed via HPLC-MS analysis.

Samples are taken at different time points (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30 minutes) during the reaction. 500 μL samples are taken and put into 500 μL of methanol (MeOH) to precipitate the enzyme. The solution is centrifuged using Vivaspin 500 and transferred to an HPLC vial. Then the solution is measured with following HPLC conditions shown in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Conditions for the HPLC-MS measurement of enzymatically oxidized oxycodone reaction rate determination Column Agilent Technologies ZORBAX HILIC plus Flow 0.4 ml/min Gradient from 100% buffer 65 mM ammonia formiate pH 3 in MQ (18.2M) to 100% ACN within 15 min; total run 20 min Injection volume 1 μL Column temperature 40° C. Detection via MS-TOF in pos. mode

The result can be evaluated by HPLC-MS measurement. From these data it will be clearly visible that oxycodone is converted enzymatically to a partly precipitated product. Further analysis of the exact reaction mechanism and reaction product is performed with the following methods: GPC and NMR.

Hydrogel

According to a preferred embodiment, the compositions according to the present inventions are provided as hydrogels. This involves the inclusion of another abuse deterrent approach, namely to create a system which changes the rheological properties of the reaction solution, i.e. the formation of a hydrogel. Hydrogels are very viscous and as a consequence, the drawing up with a needle is not possible.

Discussion

This study demonstrates an entirely new enzymatic approach for the development of abuse deterrent opioids. Oxycodone is successfully converted by the enzymes HRP and laccase (with cofactor generation by glucose oxidase), which is confirmed by oxygen consumption measurements and HPLC-MS analysis.

The reaction rate of the enzymes on oxycodone is analyzed via HPLC-MS measurement. Oxycodone is converted to a product which precipitated.

Overall the desired abuse prevention system based on enzyme polymerization is successfully developed. From the present results it is plausible that the present system is extendable in principle to all drugs, especially all opioids that have a laccase-reactive functional group.

III. Enzyme Assays for Selected and Preferred Oxycodone-Processing Enzymes are Well Known and Available for Most of the Preferred Enzymes Listed Herein. As an Example, a Known Assay Set-Up for 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent O-Demethylation is Described Hereinafter for Illustrative Reasons: O-Demethylation (2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent)

The direct enzyme assay for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity can be performed using a reaction mixture of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 10% (v/v) glycerol, 14 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM alkaloid, 10 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 10 mM sodium ascorbate, 0.5 mM FeSO₄, and up to 100 μg of purified recombinant enzyme. Assays are carried out at 30° C. for 1 or 4 hours, stopped by immersing the reaction tube in boiling water for 5 min, and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. 2-Oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase activity is also assayed using an indirect method based on the O-demethylation-coupled decarboxylation of [1-¹⁴C]2-oxoglutarate. Briefly, the standard assay contained 10 μM of a 10% mole/mole (n/n) solution of [1-¹⁴C]2-oxoglutarate (specific activity 55 mCi/mmol) diluted with 90% n/n unlabeled 2-oxoglutarate, 10 μM unlabelled alkaloid substrate, 10 mM sodium ascorbate, 0.5 mM iron sulfate, and 5 μg purified enzyme in a 500 μl buffered (100 mM Tris-HCl, 10% [v/v]glycerol, 14 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, pH 7.4) reaction. Assays are initiated by the addition of enzyme, incubated for 45 min at 30° C., and stopped by removing the ¹⁴CO₂-trapping glass fiber filters (Whatman grade GF/D, pretreated with NCS-II tissue solubilizer, Amersham Biosciences) from the reaction vial. For enzyme kinetic analyses, 10 μM of a 1% (n/n) solution of [1-¹⁴C]2-oxoglutarate (specific activity 55 mCi/mmol) diluted with 99% (n/n) unlabeled 2-oxoglutarate is used. Results from assays lacking an alkaloid substrate are subtracted from corresponding assays containing alkaloid substrates to account for the uncoupled consumption of 2-oxoglutarate. Kinetic data for e.g. T6ODM can be obtained by varying the substrate concentrations in the reaction between 1 and 500 μM at a constant 2-oxoglutarate concentration of 500 μM. Conversely, the 2-oxoglutarate concentration can be varied between 1 and 500 μM at a constant substrate concentration of 30 μM, which produces the maximum reaction velocity. Kinetic data for e.g. CODM can be obtained by varying the 500 μM, and varying the 2-oxoglutarate concentration between 1 and 500 μM at a constant codeine concentration of 50 μM. Saturation curves and kinetic constants can be calculated based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics using FigP v. 2.98 (BioSoft, Cambridge, UK; http://www.biosoft.com). The release of formaldehyde upon alkaloid O-demethylation can be monitored using a fluorescence-based modification of the Nash assay. Nash reagent is prepared by adding 0.3 ml of glacial acetic acid and 0.2 ml acetyl acetone to 100 ml of 2 M ammonium acetate. Enzyme assays can be performed as described above, except that unlabelled 2-oxoglutarate is used and the reactions are quenched by the addition of 2 volumes of Nash reagent, followed by a 10 min incubation period at 60° C. to convert formaldehyde to diacetyldihydrolutidine (DDL). The fluorescence of DDL can be recorded using a Cary Eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer (Varian; www.varianinc.com) at λ_(ex)=412 nm and λ_(em)=505 nm. The acylcyclohexanediones, prohexadione calcium or trinexapac-ethyl, can be tested as possible enzyme inhibitors at concentrations up to 500 μM using 100 μM 2-oxoglutarate in a standard assay.

IV. Further Experiments

1. Additional Laccase O₂ Measurements

Oxygen concentration measurements were done to confirm the results that were gathered in the previous experiments. The following additional opioids were tested: methadone, dihydrocodeine, diacetylmorphine and hydromorphone.

Final reaction mixture: 1000 mg L⁻¹ opioid, 10 Units laccase per ml in NaPi Buffer pH 7 50 mM.

The results of the measurements can be seen in FIG. 17. The reactions confirm the previous measurements of oxycodone, tapentadol and morphine, where a drop in oxygen concentration and therefore laccase activity could only be witnessed in the presence of a phenolic group. For the newly tested opioids exclusively hydromorphone showed laccase activity, whereas with all other opioids the concentration remained steady.

2. Laccase Mediator System (LMS): Elimination of Opioids

Mediators can be used as electron shuttles to facilitate the oxidation of complex substrates that could otherwise not be oxidized by a laccase on its own. While opioids containing a phenolic group readily serve as substrate for laccases, other opioids such as oxycodone, methadone or dihydrocodeine are not as readily oxidized. The substrate range of laccases can be increased with mediators: These often small molecules are oxidized by the laccase in a first step and then react in their oxidized state with a broad variety of target substrates.

During the reaction oxygen acts as electron acceptor and is reduced to water by laccases while the mediators are oxidized. The concentration of oxygen was measured as described above. Oxygen is consumed until the mediator is fully oxidized. An open experimental setup was chosen; hence the oxygen concentration can recover to its starting value. The second step of the reaction is initiated by addition of the target substrate, which is consequently oxidized by the mediators. The now reduced mediators can again be targeted by the laccases, which leads to a decline in oxygen concentration once more (see FIG. 18).

In the present experiments the final reaction mixtures contained 0.2 to 6 mM mediator, 1-10 units of laccase per ml and 100-3000 mg L⁻¹ opioid.

2.1. LMS and Oxycodone

FIG. 19 shows the oxygen concentration levels for oxycodone in the laccase mediator system. The different mediators were used at concentrations of 2 mM with 10 units laccase ml⁻¹ and 1000 mgL⁻¹ oxycodone. The first drop in oxygen concentration represents the oxidation of the respective mediators with the laccase, the second drop—which took place just after the addition of the opioid—was due to the subsequent oxidation of the opioid.

The mediators vanillin, ethylvanillin and syringic acid showed a drop in oxygen concentration after the addition of oxycodone, which can be seen in FIG. 19. This shows an oxidation of oxycodone.

To further confirm the oxidation and elimination of oxycodone HPLC-MS/TOF measurements were done.

The concentrations were determined with a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight (HPLC-ESI-TOF) mass spectrometer from Agilent (A1260 series, Agilent US).

The substances contained in the samples were separated by a Zorbax Hilic Plus, 2.1×100 mm, 3.5 μm (Agilent, US) column. The gradient was set to 100% mobile phase A (65 mM ammonium formiate pH 3.2) with a flow rate of 0.4 mL min⁻¹ at 40° C. and changed to 100% mobile phase B (acetonitrile) in 15 minutes with an injection volume of 1 μL. The spectra were acquired over the m/z range from 100 to 3000 at a scan rate of two spectra per second. The standard curve for each opioid was performed with corresponding standards ranging from 0.001 to 50 mg L⁻¹.

In addition to the reactions shown in FIG. 18, the mediator vanillin was used at a higher concentration (6 mM). The results can be seen in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21. The decrease in oxycodone concentration was confirmed. One of oxycodone's main degradation products, oxymorphone, was found in all samples. Oxymorphone is an impurity of oxycodone and is therefore present even in the controls where no laccase or mediator were used. However, an increase in peak area of oxymorphone over time can only be observed for oxycodone in combination with the laccase mediator system. The only mediator that had no apparent effect on oxycodone was gallic acid, an observation that was supported by both the oxygen concentration measurement and the MS-TOF analysis.

2.2. LMS and Methadone

For methadone, oxygen measurements were done, but with an extended palette of mediators: In addition to the aforementioned mediators, syringic acid, TEMPO, syringol and ABTS were tested. The best effect was observed with ABTS, as can be seen in FIG. 22. Again, the decline in oxygen concentration shows oxidation of the target substance.

3. Diacetylmorphine (DAM) Esterase API Enzyme Couple

As an example for a two-step reaction for an API-enzyme couple, diacetylmorphine was investigated. In a first reaction, an esterase is used to deacetylate diacetylmorphine to monoacetylmorphine and subsequently to morphine. The general reaction scheme can be seen in FIG. 23. Morphine can then be oxidized by laccases as described before.

In addition to the HPLC MS-TOF quantification the increase in acetate resulting from the deacetylation of DAM was measured by HPLC/RI.

3.1. Esterase Activity Assay

Esterase activity was determined photometrically in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) using p-nitrophenol acetate (pNPA) as substrate. The method used was described by Huggins et al., J. Biol. Chem. 170 (1947) 467-482 with some modifications (Herrero Acero et al., Macromolecules 44 (2011), 4632-4640). Esterases can hydrolyze pNPA to acetic acid and p-nitrophenol. Further the increase of the absorbance of p-nitrophenol can be measured.

A stock solution of 8.3 mM pNPA was prepared in DMSO and diluted in sodium phosphate buffer. The final reaction mixture contained 200 μl of pNPA solution and 20 μl of appropriately diluted enzyme solution. The absorbance of liberated p-nitrophenol was measured at 30° C. and 405 nm (ε=90.32 mL μmol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ at pH 7) using a multimode microplate reader. One unit of esterase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme releasing 1 μmol p-nitrophenol per minute under assay conditions. For blanks the reaction mixture was prepared the same way except that the enzyme solution was substituted by water. A blank was measured using 20 μl buffer instead of sample. Volumetric enzyme activity was calculated using an adaptation of the Lambert Beer law (Hughes et al., Anal. Chem. 24 (1952), 1349-1354).

3.2. Enzymatic Conversion of Diacetylmorphine to Morphine

Humicola insolens cutinase (HiC) was purchased from Novozymes (Denmark) and Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase 1 (THC) was produced and purified as described by Herrero Acero et al., 2011. These enzymes have shown to be capable of hydrolyzing complex structures in the past (Perz et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 33, (2016), 295-304). Activities of both enzymes were determined by pNPA activity assay.

The enzymatic conversion of diacetylmorphine to morphine was carried out using the two different esterases, HiC and THC. Hydrolysis reaction was performed by incubating 15 mg diacetylmorphine in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) with 10 U ml⁻¹ of the respective enzyme at room temperature and at 50° C. for 5 days. The final volume of the reaction mixture was 10 mL and was shaken at 400 rpm throughout the experiment. Since acetic acid is volatile the reaction had to be carried out in an airtight sealed glass tube. Samples of 1 mL at each timepoint were removed and filtered through a syringe and a membrane filter with a 0.45 μm pore size and were subsequently precipitated using the Carrez precipitation to remove the enzyme. To 1 mL of sample 20 μL of Carrez reagent 1 (10.6% w/v potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)-trihydrate) were added and vortexed. After 1 min 20 μL of C2 (28.8% w/v zinc sulfate heptahydrate) were added, vortexed and incubated for another 5 minutes followed by centrifuging for 30 minutes and 13000 rpm. The supernatant was used for further analysis.

The amount of resulting acetic acid was detected by RI-detector after separation through high performance liquid chromatography (parameters are described below). The amount of resulting acetic acid was detected by HPLC-RI analysis. For quantification acetic acid standards were prepared in a range of 1 g L⁻¹ to 0.01 g L⁻¹ in ultrapure water. Before HPLC analysis the pH of each sample had to be adjusted to 4-6 through addition of 10-20 μl of 1M HCl. All experiments were performed as duplicates. As a positive control diacetylmorphine was hydrolyzed chemically in 0.1M NaOH as described by Nakamura et al. (Nakamura et al., J. Chromatogr. 110 (1975), 81-89).

3.3. Quantification of Deacetylation by HPLC

The obtained products were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from Agilent (A1100 series, Agilent US). This was done by an ICSep ION 300, 7.8×300 mm, 7 μm column supplied from Transgenomic (US). As mobile phase 0.01 N H₂SO₄ was used with a flow rate of 0.325 mL min⁻¹ at 45° C. The injection volume was 40 μL of sample at a runtime of 60 min. The amount of acetic acid was determined by the RI-detector of the instrument. The method was calibrated using acetic acid standards within a range of 10 mg L⁻¹ to 1000 mg L⁻¹.

3.4. Results:

The total acetate yield over time can be seen in FIG. 24. At a temperature of 50° C. both enzymes were able to hydrolyze more than 50% of the diacetylmorphine, indicating a complete deacetylation to morphine.

The direct measurement of opioid concentrations confirms this assumption, which can be seen in FIG. 25: While the DAM concentration declines in all samples, the morphine concentration is only increased in the samples that were incubated at 50° C. At lower temperatures, it seems that only monoacetylmorphine is produced.

4. Inactivation of Enzymes—SGF and Proteases

The inactivation of the enzymes when the drugs are administered as foreseen is an integral part of the invention. Inactivation can be achieved both by acidic denaturation and proteolytic degradation (FIG. 26).

To assess the feasibility of the inactivation methods, protease digestion assays as well as enzyme stability trials in various pH levels were done.

4.1. Pepsin Digestion Assay

The method used to demonstrate pepsin digestion of MTL was described by Thomas et al. (Thomas et al., Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 39 (2004), 87-98) and is a standardized protocol using simulated gastric fluid (SGF). SGF contains 0.084 M HCl, 0.035 M NaCl, 4000 U of pepsin per reaction mixture and has a pH level of 1.2 according to the United States Pharmacopeia (1995). A ratio of 10000 Units of pepsin activity to 1 mg of test protein was used throughout the assay, which is based on an evaluation of the average activity of pepsin recommended in the United States Pharmacopeia (24^(th) edition, 2000) with some modifications. Pepsin (ref. #P7000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (US). All proteins that were used were dissolved in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.5) at a concentration of 5 mg mL⁻¹. The reaction mixture contained 1.52 mL of SGF preheated to 37° C. before the addition of 0.08 mL of protein solution (Thomas et al., 2004). The mixture was placed into a thermomixer at 37° C. and was shaken at 400 rpm. For denaturating SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (SDS-PAGE) samples of 160 μl were removed at 0 minutes, 0.5 minutes, and 15 minutes after initiation.

4.2 SDS-PAGE Analysis

SDS-PAGE was performed to analyze and visually inspect stained protein bands whether the protein band is still intact or fragmented after the digestion assay. Precast tris-glycin gels (ref. #456-1086) with 4-15% polyacrylamide, 10× tris-glycine-SDS (TGS) buffer (ref. #1610772) and 4× Laemmli sample buffer (ref. #1610747), were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, USA). The 4× Laemmli buffer was diluted 10:1 with 2-mercaptoethanol before usage. The following sample preparation method was described by Thomas et al (Thomas et al. 2004).

Each 160 μl of the digestion samples was quenched by adding 56 μl of 200 mM NaHCO₃ as neutralization step and 56 μl 4× Laemmli (Laemmli 1970) buffer for electrophoresis. Samples were immediately heated up to 99° C. for 10 minutes and analyzed directly or stored at −20° C. Control samples for pepsin and test protein stability (SGF without pepsin but with test protein) were treated in the same way as described above. The zero time point digestion samples were prepared differently, since pepsin immediately starts to digest and auto-digest as soon as it is in solution. Before adding the test protein, pepsin was already denatured in quenching solution and heated up to 99° C. for 5 minutes. Afterwards the sample was heated again for 5 minutes to ensure proper denaturation of the test protein. 15 μl of each sample and 5 μl of prestained protein marker IV (ref. #27-2110, Peqlab) were loaded onto the gel and were subsequently run in tris-glycin running buffer for 30-45 minutes at 200 V. For visualization the gels were incubated with Coomassie-blue staining solution (0.1% w v⁻¹ Coomassie R250, 10% v v⁻¹ acetic acid, 45% v v⁻¹ methanol) for 30 minutes followed by a destaining step (10% v v⁻¹ acetic acid, 40% v v⁻¹ methanol) for 10-30 minutes.

The results of the proteolytic enzyme degradation can be seen in FIG. 27. MTL and HRP are very susceptible to proteolytic degradation, as their respective protein bands vanished within seconds. The HiC displayed a moderate decrease in concentration.

4.3 Laccase Stability Assay

To establish a pH profile for MTL enzyme activities were measured at different pH levels from acidic to neutral (pH 2.5-pH 7) over time using ABTS as substrate. For every pH level MTL was diluted 1:100 in the respective buffer and was incubated for one hour and room temperature. Enzyme activity was measured at distinctive time points. Activity was measured and calculated by ABTS-assay (described above), using different extinctions coefficients for each pH level (pH7: ε=11.38 mL μmol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, pH6: ε=23.34 mL μmol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, pH5: ε=32.03 mL μmol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, pH4: ε=35.49 mL μmol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, pH3, 2: ε=36.00 mL μmol⁻¹ cm⁻¹; master thesis (“Laccases as effective siccatives in alkyd resins”), Scholz, 2015.

The pH profile of the MTL can be seen in FIG. 28, whereas the stability profile in different pH levels over time is shown in FIG. 29. MTL has two activity maxima, one at pH 7 and the second at pH 3 and shows no activity at SGF medium conditions.

The stability profile indicates that MTL remains most of its activity at a pH range from 4 to 7 but loses activity rather quickly at lower pHs.

5. Additional Laccase—Morphine Trials (High Concentrations)

Several additional experiments were done using various concentrations of morphine and laccase. The presented results in the following examples and figures support the claims that the rate of degradation correlates directly with amount of laccase as well as the opioid concentration. The present examples are also based on an even more reliable and improved analytics.

5.1. Polymerization of Morphine with Laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila

Morphine polymerization was carried out in different approaches, with morphine concentrations ranging from 1 mg 1⁻¹ to 60000 mg 1-1. The reactions were carried out in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7. The oxidation process was started by addition of the laccase MTL with a final activity of 10 U to 100 U. Various concentrations of morphine are shown in FIG. 30.

FIG. 31 shows that an increase of laccase concentration is linear to the decrease in morphine concentration (i.e. 10 times more laccase results in a ˜10 times faster degradation). FIG. 32 shows the conversion of 60000 mg/L morphine, nearly at the solubility limit of morphine.

These results are therefore fully in line with 1.6, above.

Preferred Embodiments

The present invention therefore relates to the following preferred embodiments:

1. Abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug with an enzyme-reactive functional group, wherein the drug has an abuse potential, and an enzyme capable of reacting with the enzyme-reactive functional group (a drug-processing enzyme), wherein the drug with the enzyme-reactive functional group is contained in the pharmaceutical composition in a storage stable, enzyme-reactive state and under conditions wherein no enzymatic activity acts on the drug.

2. Pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the enzyme is selected from the group of reductases and/or transferases and/or hydrolases, especially a monooxygenase.

3. Pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the enzyme-reactive functional group is a phenolic hydroxyl-group or a phenolic amino-group, preferably a phenolic hydroxyl-group.

4. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the enzyme catalyses O-dealkylation, preferably O-demethylation, N-dealkylation, preferably N-demethylation, keto-reduction, N-oxidation, epoxy-hydroxylation, esterification, de-amidation, peroxigenation, or dehalogenation of the drug or addition of molecules, especially glucuronidation, sulfation and acetylation, to the drug.

5. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the enzyme is selected from the group of 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.213), cytochrome P450 (EC 1.14), especially non-heme iron-dependent monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16), copper-dependent monooxygenases (EC 1.14.17 and EC 1.14.18), the CYP2C subfamily; CYP2D6; unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1), Codeine 3-O-demethylase (CODM; EC 1.14.11.32), CYP1-3 (EC 1.14.14.1), preferably CYP3A, CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C and CYP2D, especially CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6; peroxidases (EC 1.11.1 und EC 1.11.2), preferably horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and fungal unspecific peroxygenase (EC 1.11.2.1); carbonyl reductase (NADPH) (EC 1.1.1.184), preferably dihydromorphinone ketone reductase (DMKR; types I to V), dihydrocodeinone ketone reductase (DCKR, types I and II) or morphine 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.218); flavin-dependent monooxygenases (EC 1.13.12 and EC 1.14.13), especially flavin-containing monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8); microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.9), cofactor-independent monooxygenase; epoxide hydratase (EC 3.3.2.3 and 4.2.1.63), and soluble epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.10); UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17), preferably UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes, especially UGT1.1 and UGT2B7; bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.95); ac(et)yltransferase (EC 2.3), sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2), CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3), especially N-acetyltransferase (NAT, EC 2.3.1) and O-acetyltransferase (OAT; EC 2.3.1); catechol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), bilirubin oxidases (EC 1.3.3.5), monophenol monooxygenases (EC 1.14.18.1), mangane peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13), monophenolmonooxigenases (EC 1.14.99.1), tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1) and ascorbate oxidases (EC 1.10.3.3).

6. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the drug is an opioid drug with an enzyme-reactive functional group, preferably selected from the group morphine, tapentadol, oxycodone, buprenorphine, cebranopadol, diamorphine (=heroin), dihydrocodeine, ethylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone and levomethadone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, pethidine, fentanyl, levorphanol and levomethorphane and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs and mixtures thereof, especially oxycodone or morphine.

7. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the composition comprises a drug/enzyme combination selected from morphine/laccase, tapentadol/laccase, oxymorphone/laccase, hydromorphone/laccase, pentazocine/laccase, buprenorphine/laccase, diacetylmorphine/hydrolase/laccase, levorphanol/laccase, oxycodone/laccase/oxycodone-processing enzyme.

8. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is selected from a tablet, a mini-tablet a coat-core tablet (coated tablet), a bi-layer tablet, a multi-layer tablet, an effervescent tablet, a soluble tablet, a dispersible tablet, a capsule, a pellet, a MUPS (multiple unit pellet system), a granulate, a powder, especially coated, sugar-coated and/or functionally coated (e.g. enteric coated) forms thereof.

9. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the drug is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 5 000 mg, preferably 0.5 to 1 000 mg, especially 1 to 500 mg, per dosage unit.

10. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the enzyme is contained in an amount of 1 to 1 000 units, preferably 10 to 100 units.

11. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the composition comprises a further abuse-deterrent feature, preferably selected from the group a physical or chemical barrier, especially increased tablet hardness, a drug antagonist, an aversion component, an abuse-deterrent delivery system and a prodrug, especially a physical barrier or an aversion component, especially a gelling agent and/or a non-gelling viscosity-increasing agent.

12. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the composition comprises co-factors of the enzyme, preferably H and/or electron donors and acceptors, especially NAD(P)H, FMN, FAD, ferredoxin, 2-oxoglutarate, and/or hemes; or donors for the groups to be added to the drug, especially acetyl-Coenzyme A or UDP-glucuronate.

13. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the composition comprises a matrix containing 1 to 80 wt. % of one or more hydrophobic or hydrophilic polymers, preferably a matrix comprising agar, alamic acid, alginic acid, carmellose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, carbomer, carrageenan, chitosan, especially carboxymethylchitosan, catechol, copovidone, dextrin, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methacrylic acid copolymers, methylcellulose derivatives, microcrystalline cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polyalkylene oxide, especially polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, povidone, propylene glycol alginate, a polyvinylcaprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft co-polymer, pullulan, silicon dioxide, sodium alginate, starch, vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymers or of a non-polymer matrix former, preferably microcrystalline wax, fatty alcohols and fatty acids, especially stearyl alcohol, cetyl stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, palmitic acid or salts and mixtures thereof, mono-, di- and triglycerides of saturated fatty acids with a chain length between 16 and 22 carbon atoms and a mixture of such mono- di- and triglycerides.

14. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the composition is storage stable, preferably by comprising less than 5%, especially less than 1%, enzyme-processed drug after 6 month storage at 25° C. under dry conditions.

15. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the enzyme is acid-labile.

16. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 15, further comprising a hydrogel-forming component and/or a crosslinker, preferably chitosan and/or catechol or carboxymethylchitosan and/or vanillin.

17. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the composition is a modified release composition, especially a prolonged release composition.

18. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17, comprising a further enzyme, preferably a further drug-processing enzyme or an enzyme further processing the processed drug forms, especially laccase (EC 1.10.3.2).

19. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the drug is an opioid drug with a laccase-reactive functional group, preferably selected from the group morphine, tapentadol, hydromorphone, desomorphine, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, opioid peptides comprising a phenylalanine residue, such as adrenorphin, amidorphin, casomorphin, DADLE ([D-Ala², D-Leu]-Enkephalin), DAMGO ([D-Ala², N-MePhe⁴, Gly-ol]-enkephalin), dermorphin, endomorphin, morphiceptin, and TRIMU 5 (L-tyrosyl-N-{[(3-methylbutyl)amino]acetyl}-D-alaninamide); oripavine, 6-MDDM (6-methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine), chlornaltrexamine, dihydromorphine, hydromorphinol, methyldesorphine, N-phenethylnormorphine, RAM-378 (7,8-Dihydro-14-hydroxy-N-phenethylnormorphine), heterocodeine, dihydroheterocodeine, 7-spiroindanyloxymorphone, morphinone, pentamorphone, semorphone, chloromorphide, nalbuphine, oxymorphazone, 1-iodomorphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-monoacetylmorphine, normorphine, morphine-N-oxide, cyclorphan, dextrallorphan, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, norlevorphanol, oxilorphan, phenomorphan, furethylnorlevorphanol, xorphanol, butorphanol, 6,14-endoethenotetrahydrooripavine, BU-48 (N-Cyclopropylmethyl-[7α,8α,2′,3′]-cyclohexano-1′[S]-hydroxy-6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydronororipavine), cyprenorphine, dihydroetorphine, etorphine, norbuprenorphine, 5′-guanidinonaltrindole, diprenorphine, levallorphan, meptazinol, methylnaltrexone, nalfurafine, nalmefene, naloxazone, naloxone, nalorphine, naltrexone, naltriben, naltrindole, 6β-naltrexol-d4, pseudomorphine, naloxonazine, norbinaltorphimine, alazocine, bremazocine, dezocine, ketazocine, metazocine, pentazocine, phenazocine, cyclazocine, hydroxypethidine (bemidone), ketobemidone, methylketobemidone, propylketobemidone, alvimopan, picenadol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs and mixtures thereof, more preferred morphine, tapentadol, buprenorphine especially morphine.

20. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the drug is an opioid drug selected from the group consisting of morphine, tapentadol, hydromorphone, desomorphine, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, opioid peptides comprising a phenylalanine residue, such as adrenorphin, amidorphin, casomorphin, DADLE ([D-Ala², D-Leu]-Enkephalin), DAMGO ([D-Ala², N-MePhe⁴, Gly-ol]-enkephalin), dermorphin, endomorphin, morphiceptin, and TRIMU 5 (L-tyrosyl-N-{[(3-methylbutyl)amino]acetyl}-D-alaninamide); oripavine, 6-MDDM (6-methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine), chlornaltrexamine, dihydromorphine, hydromorphinol, methyldesorphine, N-phenethylnormorphine, RAM-378 (7,8-Dihydro-14-hydroxy-N-phenethylnormorphine), heterocodeine, dihydroheterocodeine, 7-spiroindanyloxymorphone, morphinone, pentamorphone, semorphone, chloromorphide, nalbuphine, oxymorphazone, 1-iodomorphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-monoacetylmorphine, normorphine, morphine-N-oxide, cyclorphan, dextrallorphan, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, norlevorphanol, oxilorphan, phenomorphan, furethylnorlevorphanol, xorphanol, butorphanol, 6,14-endoethenotetrahydrooripavine, BU-48 (N-Cyclopropylmethyl-[7α,8α,2′,3′]-cyclohexano-1′[S]-hydroxy-6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydronororipavine), cyprenorphine, dihydroetorphine, etorphine, norbuprenorphine, 5′-guanidinonaltrindole, diprenorphine, levallorphan, meptazinol, methylnaltrexone, nalfurafine, nalmefene, naloxazone, naloxone, nalorphine, naltrexone, naltriben, naltrindole, 6β-naltrexol-d4, pseudomorphine, naloxonazine, norbinaltorphimine, alazocine, bremazocine, dezocine, ketazocine, metazocine, pentazocine, phenazocine, cyclazocine, hydroxypethidine (bemidone), ketobemidone, methylketobemidone, propylketobemidone, picenadol, codeine, thebaine, diacetylmorphine (morphine diacetate; heroin) nicomorphine (morphine dinicotinate), dipropanoylmorphine (morphinedipropionate), diacetyldihydromorphine, acetylpropionylmorphine, dibenzoylmorphine, dihydrocodeine, ethylmorphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, fentanyl, α-methylfentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil, carfentanyl, ohmefentanyl, pethidine (meperidine), MPPP, allylprodine, α-prodine, PEPAP, propoxyphene, dextropropoxyphene, dextromoramide, bezitramide, piritramide, methadone, levomethadone, pethidine, dipipanone, levomethadyl acetate (LAAM), difenoxin, diphenoxylate, levomethorphan, dextromethorphan, lefetamine, mitragynine, tilidine, tramadol, eluxadoline, 2,4-dinitrophenylmorphine, dihydroheroin, 6-MAC, benzylmorphine, codeine methylbromide, pholcodine, myrophine, 8-CAC, 4-fluoromeperidine, allylnorpethidine, anileridine, benzethidine, carperidine, etoxeridine, furethidine, morpheridine, oxpheneridine, pheneridine, phenoperidine, piminodine, properidine, sameridine, α-meprodine, prosidol, trimeperidine, acetoxyketobemidone, droxypropine, dipipanone, normethadone, phenadoxone, dimepheptanol, levacetylmethadol, dextromoramide, levomoramide, racemoramide, diethylthiambutene, dimethylthiambutene, ethylmethylthiambutene, piperidylthiambutene, pyrrolidinylthiambutene, thiambutene, tipepidine, dimenoxadol, dextropropoxyphene, levopropoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, diampromide, phenampromide, propiram, methiodone, isoaminile, lefetamine, β-4066, 3-allylfentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, 4-phenylfentanyl, alfentanil, α-methylacetylfentanyl, β-hydroxyfentanyl, β-hydroxythiofentanyl, β-methylfentanyl, brifentanil, lofentanil, mirfentanil, ocfentanil, parafluorofentanyl, phenaridine, thiofentanyl, trefentanil, ethoheptazine, metheptazine, metethoheptazine, proheptazine, bezitramide, piritramide, clonitazene, etonitazene, 18-MC, 7-hydroxymitragynine, akuammine, eseroline, hodgkinsine, mitragynine, pericine, BW373U86, DPI-221, DPI-287, DPI-3290, SNC-80, AD-1211, AH-7921, azaprocin, bromadol, BRL-52537, bromadoline, C-8813, ciramadol, doxpicomine, enadoline, faxeladol, GR-89696, herkinorin, ICI-199441, ICI-204448, J-113397, JTC-801, LPK-26, methopholine, MT-45 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, esters, prodrugs and mixtures thereof, more preferred morphine, oxycodone, tapentadol, buprenorphine, cebranopadol, diamorphine (=heroin), dihydrocodeine, ethylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone and levomethadone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, pethidine, fentanyl, levorphanol and levomethorphane, especially oxycodone and morphine.

21. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the composition renders immediate release, modified release, or a combination thereof.

22. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the composition comprises an opioid analgesic alone or in combination with a non-opioid analgesic, especially with ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, paracetamol and acetyl-salicylic acid.

23. Method for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22 comprising the steps of mixing the drug with the enzyme and finishing the mixture to a pharmaceutical composition.

24. Method for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22 comprising the steps of providing the drug and the enzyme in separated form and finishing the separated drug and enzyme to a pharmaceutical composition.

25. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22 for use in the treatment of drug addiction.

26. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22 for use in the treatment of pain.

27. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the drug-processing enzyme essentially does not act on the drug in vivo when the composition is administered in the intended way and intact.

28. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the drug-processing enzyme exists in the formulation in an essentially non-releasable form when the composition is administered in the intended way and intact.

29. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the drug-processing enzyme is deactivated in vivo.

30. Pharmaceutical compositions according to any one of embodiments 1 to 29, with a moisture content below 10%, preferably with a moisture content of below 5%, especially with a moisture content of below 2%.

31. Method of administration the abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 30 to a patient in need thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered to this patient in an effective amount and wherein the drug-processing enzyme is automatically deactivated in the course of this oral administration. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug with an enzyme-reactive functional group, wherein the drug has an abuse potential, and an enzyme capable of reacting with the enzyme-reactive functional group, wherein the drug with the enzyme-reactive functional group is contained in the pharmaceutical composition in a storage stable, enzyme-reactive state and under conditions wherein no enzymatic activity acts on the drug, wherein the enzyme catalyses O-dealkylation, N-dealkylation, keto-reduction, N-oxidation, epoxy-hydroxylation, esterification, de-amidation, or dehalogenation of the drug or addition of molecules to the drug, wherein the composition comprises a drug/enzyme combination selected from the group consisting morphine/laccase, tapentadol/laccase, oxymorphone/laccase, hydromorphone/laccase, pentazocine/laccase, buprenorphine/laccase, diacetylmorphine/hydrolase/laccase, levorphanol/laccase, and oxycodone/laccase/oxycodone-processing enzyme.
 2. The abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is selected from a tablet, a mini-tablet, a coated tablet, a bi-layer tablet, a multi-layer tablet, a capsule, a pellet, a multiple unit pellet system, a granulate, and a powder.
 3. The abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising another enzyme.
 4. A method of treating pain and/or drug addiction, comprising administering the abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 to a subject in need thereof to treat pain and/or drug addiction.
 5. A method for manufacturing the abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, comprising mixing the drug with the enzyme and finishing the mixture to a pharmaceutical composition.
 6. A method for manufacturing the abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, comprising providing the drug and the enzyme in separated form and finishing the separated drug and enzyme to a pharmaceutical composition. 